

Ready to play? You’ll need some ROMs first! Today we’re going over the many different ways you can transfer ROMs to RetroPie on the Raspberry Pi. If you’re not sure where to start, one of these methods is guaranteed to put you on the right path.
RetroPie is an open-source emulation platform. In simple terms, it’s for emulating retro video games! RetroPie is built on top of RetroArch and runs perfectly on the Raspberry Pi. You can use RetroPie to emulate both consoles and computer systems. Visit our guide to learn how to set up RetroPie on a Raspberry Pi.
Raspberry Pi 3 B+ | × | 1 |
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Using Samba—a software suite built into RetroPie—you can send files to RetroPie over a network. First, make sure that your Raspberry Pi and computer with ROMs are on the same network.
On the same computer that has your ROMs, hold down the Windows key and press R. In the Run dialogue, enter the following:
RETROPIE
Alternatively, you can replace RETROPIE
with an IP address like this:
127.0.0.1
Press Enter or click OK. This will open a window with folders you can move content into and out of.
ROMs need to go in the ~/RetroPie/roms/
folder. You will need to sort them by console/OS for RetroPie to launch them properly. For example, SNES games would go in the ~/RetroPie/roms/SNES
folder.
Samba is built into RetroPie, it lets us add and remove content for RetroPie over the network. Make sure your Pi and computer with ROMs are on the same network.
Access the computer with your ROMs and open the Finder tool on macOS.
Browse to Network > retropie > roms
This will open the RetroPie ROMs directory on your Pi. Now you can drag and drop files directly to RetroPie. You will need to sort ROMs by console and OS. For example, you should put NES games in the ~/RetroPie/roms/NES
folder.
It’s also possible to transfer ROMs using a USB flash drive. Make sure it’s formatted to FAT32 to work with RetroPie.
First, connect the flash drive to your computer and create a folder named retropie
on the drive.
Unplug the flash drive from your computer and connect it to the Raspberry Pi. The Pi needs to be on for this step. You will see a flashing light on the drive when it’s connected.
When the flash drive LED stops blinking, remove it from the Raspberry Pi and connect it to your computer again. Now you can add ROMs to the flash drive. Sort the ROMs into the appropriate folder for each console or system.
After the ROMs have been loaded, plug the flash drive back into the Pi. Wait for the LED to stop blinking and remove the flash drive from the Pi. You may need to relaunch RetroPie or reboot the Pi altogether to locate the new ROMs.
It’s really easy to transfer ROMs to RetroPie directly using an FTP setup.
First, we need to enable SSH. Visit our guide on how to enable SSH on the Raspberry Pi and come right back.
There are many FTP programs available for Windows 10. My personal favorite is WinSCP. It has everything we need and also comes recommended by the RetroPie devs on Github.
Open WinSCP (or your FTP client of choice) and enter the IP address of your Raspberry Pi. You can choose SFTP
or enter port 22 if needed. The default username and password is:
Username: pi Password: raspberry
WinSCP will load the complete directory for your Raspberry Pi. From here, navigate to the appropriate folder for each console or system you want to add ROMs to. You can typically find this under a path similar to ~/RetroPie/roms/*[console folder]*
.
Drag and drop your ROM files directly to the Pi.
ROMs can be transferred to RetroPie directly using FTP.
First things first—we need to enable SSH. Check out our guide on how to enable SSH on the Raspberry Pi real quick. I’ll wait.
There are many different FTP applications supported by macOS. Cyberduck is officially recommended by the Github devs and will work perfectly for us.
Launch Cyberduck (or your preferred FTP client) and enter the IP address for your Pi. You can specify port 22, if necessary. The default username and password is:
Username: pi Password: raspberry
Once logged in, you can navigate the Raspberry Pi directory from your computer. We’re looking for a specific folder to load our ROMs into. It’s usually similar to this path: ~/RetroPie/roms/*[console folder]*
From here, you can drag and drop ROMs directly to RetroPie! Be sure to sort the ROMs into the correct console or system folder.
Looking for more ROMs? I don’t blame you. There’s tons of great content out in the world, why not build up a collection?
We have a dedicated list of free and legal ROMs for emulators on RetroPie. Check out our RetroPie ROMs guide to work on your game library!
Did you know you can play multiplayer games on RetroPie with your friends using Netplay? Check out this guide to set up multiplayer on RetroPie.
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If you don’t want to change php.ini and display all errors on every page, you can use ini_set on a page by page basis.
Add this at the top of your page to show errors on a PHP page:
ini_set('display_errors', 1);
ini_set('log_errors', 1);
error_reporting(E_ALL);
When you change a page’s margins in Google Docs, you’re changing the amount of space you want between the edge of the page and the text.
If you don’t want to change php.ini and display all errors on every page, you can use ini_set on a page by page basis.
Add this at the top of your page to show errors on a PHP page:
ini_set('display_errors', 1);
ini_set('log_errors', 1);
error_reporting(E_ALL);
When you change a page’s margins in Google Docs, you’re changing the amount of space you want between the edge of the page and the text.
If you don’t want to change php.ini and display all errors on every page, you can use ini_set on a page by page basis.
Add this at the top of your page to show errors on a PHP page:
ini_set('display_errors', 1);
ini_set('log_errors', 1);
error_reporting(E_ALL);
When you change a page’s margins in Google Docs, you’re changing the amount of space you want between the edge of the page and the text.
If you don’t want to change php.ini and display all errors on every page, you can use ini_set on a page by page basis.
Add this at the top of your page to show errors on a PHP page:
ini_set('display_errors', 1);
ini_set('log_errors', 1);
error_reporting(E_ALL);
Add this at the top of your page to show errors on a PHP page:
ini_set('display_errors', 1);
ini_set('log_errors', 1);
error_reporting(E_ALL);
When you change a page’s margins in Google Docs, you’re changing the amount of space you want between the edge of the page and the text.
When you change a page’s margins in Google Docs, you’re changing the amount of space you want between the edge of the page and the text.
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The video game industry has made great strides since it first began. Once known for minimal pixels, high-quality graphics or storylines are basically required for a game to succeed with today’s gamers.
Everyone has a game they’d consider the worst they ever played; and there have been plenty throughout history that have flopped upon their release, most having never recovered from their failure.
While there are plenty of bad games released every year, the following list (ranked from best of the worst to worst of the worst) focuses on those that are notorious and well-known for their terribleness. To create this list, we’ve scoured the internet for the lowest ratings from popular and well-known sources. Please enjoy, and hopefully, for your sake, you haven’t played any of these!
Release: 2017- PC, PlayStation 4, Xbox One
Developer: BioWare
Publisher: Electronic Arts
Mass Effect: Andromeda is set after a 600-year journey to the Andromeda Galaxy, as the crew begins searching for a new home for humanity. Instead of the expected paradise, worlds are viewed as wastelands or filled with enemies. Included is an online-multiplayer mode where players must work together to take down enemy forces.
The feeling most get when playing Mass Effect: Andromeda is emptiness. In a plotline and universe that has so much potential, BioWare failed to create a story, set of characters, and open-world that made the player feel important. In previous games, the protagonist was shaped by the player in both initial customization and throughout dialogue choices. However, in Andromeda, players are forced into a pre-determined personality. Missions, both main and side, pretended to be important. At their core, there was little difference they made the overall story and were merely, “go to this place, do this thing, then repeat.” And that’s if you could even complete them with technical glitches. Enemies and NPCs phase in and out due to their failed pathfinding, and lines of dialogue would sometimes overlap one another or get cut off.
My dislike for Mass Effect: Andromeda, is not to be confused with Mass Effect 2 which is a great game!
Writer’s Note: As a game completionist, I was able to complete all but one mission in this game due to a glitch that caused a door to never open. It haunts me to this day.
Release: 1991- NES
Developer/Publisher: Mindscape
Conan embarks on another quest to gain the throne of Aquilonia. To do so, he must find and return the Four Urns of the Early Kings. This is an action-adventure video game that lasts six levels, but is also a puzzle game, as the player must find the hidden locations of special weapons to defeat bosses.
The biggest complaints about Conan have to do with the control scheme. In most NES games at the time, each button had a different purpose. In the case of this game, however, the character can jump using five different buttons or button combinations. The control scheme isn’t intuitive and requires the player to either memorize the manual or give up. Other issues include low reaction time between the player hitting the button and the character following through, as well as lackluster immersive settings.
Release: 2010- Xbox 360, PlayStation 3, PC, Nintendo Switch
Developer: Access Games
Publisher: Ignition Entertainment, Marvelous Entertainment, Rising Star Games, Toybox Games
Deadly Premonition is an open-world survival horror video game set in the fictional, rural American town of Greenvale, Washington. The plot follows FBI Special Agent Francis York Morgan as he investigates the murder of an eighteen-year-old woman, which bears similarities to a series of murders across the country.
We’ll preface this by saying that Deadly Premonition is a polarizing game. While it received many negative reviews with its first release, the re-release Deadly Premonition: The Director’s Cut became loved for how terrible it was. While it has a cult following, the issues can’t be overlooked. Most complaints include Resident Evil-like clunky controls, being unable to move when using a weapon or reloading, repetitive fights, and bad music that tends to be played louder than a cut scene’s dialogue.
If you fail a mission, you can’t restart it, merely replay it and be forced back to the main screen after. You can also only have one save file. Overall, the ambitions of this game were above the skill set and budget of the development team. Still, I can’t let go of how humorously bad this game is. Watching a car drive in circles and then fade into the road itself will do that to you.
Release: 2020- PC, PlayStation 4, Xbox One, Stadia
Developer: Crystal Dynamics
Publisher: Square Enix
Marvel’s Avengers is a third-person, action-adventure game that combines an original, cinematic story with single-player and cooperative gameplay. Players assemble a team of up to four players online, customize a roster of Heroes, and defend the Earth from threats.
The single-player campaign isn’t where players and critics felt the game failed. The failure came from the multiplayer aspect and post-campaign missions. The first patch of the game included fixes for over 1,000 bugs. But that didn’t help much with a player base that is bored with battling in the same places, with the same enemies, and mechanics over and over. The game didn’t live up to the title, and the single-player campaign was the most playable and enjoyable piece of Marvel’s Avengers.
Release: 2017- PC, PlayStation 4, Xbox One
Developer: EA DICE
Publisher: Electronic Arts
Star Wars Battlefront II is an action shooter video game based on the Star Wars franchise. In a single-player campaign, players experience the story of an Imperial elite special forces soldier. In the multiplayer mode, players battle and pilot a First Order TIE fighter through intense space, and play as ground troopers or iconic heroes and villains. The single-player campaign takes place in the 30 years between the destruction of Death Star II and through the rise of the First Order, introducing Iden Versio, the leader of Inferno Squad, an elite special forces unit of the Galactic Empire. In addition to Iden, players also encounter and play as other iconic Star Wars heroes and villains like Luke Skywalker and Kylo Ren during the campaign.
The ball was dropped in Battlefront II with the story of Iden, as it was less a typical storyline and more like disconnected missions slapped together quickly. Instead of developing the Imperial soldier’s character, the focus is more on being able to witness well-known Star Wars characters. Consider the campaign to be more of a tour through space history rather than an actual plotline.
In fact, the players were harsher than the critics in the reviews. Microtransactions make the game more of a pay-to-win cash grab and riddled with game-crashing bugs. Since release things have improved in terms of the glitches and technical issues, however, players still struggle to avoid having to pay to get improvements to their equipment or progression.
Release: 2016- PlayStation 4, PC, Xbox One, PlayStation 5, Xbox Series X/S
Developer/Publisher: Hello Games
No Man’s Sky is a survival game built around exploration, survival, combat, and trading. Players are free to roam through the entirety of a procedurally generated open world universe, which includes over 18 quintillion planets.
Planets have their own ecosystems with unique forms of flora and fauna, and various alien species may engage the player in combat or trade within planetary systems. Players advance in the game by mining and trading while following the game’s plot by uncovering the mystery around the Atlas, an entity at the center of the galaxy.
“Procedural generation is two big words for one simple thing: the creation of data by computers. Procedural generation is usually used to create content for video games or animated movies, such as landscapes, 3D objects, character designs, animations, or non-player character dialogue.” – Jessica Van Brummelen and Bryan Chen, MIT
Even though the worlds were randomly generated by a computer, players found that after exploring a few planets, everything seemed uniform. The controls are unintuitive no matter if it’s played on PC or console. The tasks are repetitive and frustrate players when dealing with their NPC counterparts. For a game that’s meant to be unique, it’s incredibly boring and often found to be quite safe, despite the dangers that developers promised.
Release: 2019- PC, PlayStation 4, Xbox One
Developer: BioWare
Publisher: Electronic Arts
Anthem is an online multiplayer action role-playing video game set on an unnamed planet. Players assume the role of Freelancers, heroic adventurers who wear powerful exosuits to defend humanity from the threats beyond their cities’ walls.
Let it be known that even though developer BioWare stated they’d planned to overhaul the game, as of February 2021, all development has ceased. The first few minutes of Anthem gameplay are incredibly deceiving, as players soon realize how unfinished the game is. The NPCs found in the home base are interesting, however, they don’t do anything other than tell you what you need to do. With excessively long load times, Anthem players are frustrated with the time they waste traveling versus actual combat time.
Release: 2014- PC
Developer/Publisher: Nether Productions, LLC
Nether is a first-person, multiplayer, survival game, where the player must survive in a landscape based loosely on Chicago. Players must scavenge the world for supplies and fight off the evil monsters that are hunting for them, known as the Nether. There are various NPCs around to trade money for supplies, and other players in the server whom they can choose to trust or not.
The most common remark about Nether is that it has potential but feels unfinished. Players suffer from being vastly under-equipped in an unforgiving world. They commend the graphics and look of the open world, however, it’s difficult to enjoy when all they have to fight off a Nether monster is a weak knife. That knife might not even be hitting the target when they are trying to fight due to terrible hit detection. One of the bigger complaints, however, is the dependence on microtransactions for loot that would help the player survive longer.
Release: 2020- PC, PlayStation 4, Stadia, Xbox One
Developer: CD Projekt Red
Publisher: CD Projekt
Cyberpunk 2077 is an open-world, action-adventure story set in Night City, a megalopolis obsessed with power, glamour, and body modification. Assume the role of V, a mercenary outlaw going after a one-of-a-kind implant that is the key to immortality. Players can customize their character’s cyberware, skill set, and play style, and make choices that can shape the story and world.
Aside from typical release-day bugs, Cyberpunk 2077 is known for how many promised features that weren’t delivered (and weren’t disclosed as being scrapped in development). AI that directed enemies, citizens, and NPCs, a wanted system, immersive police activity that changed based on the player’s crime choices, and smooth gameplay are just a few of the features that went undelivered.
Release: 2021- PC, Playstation 4, Xbox One
Developer/Publisher: Frontier Developments
Elite Dangerous is a space flight simulation game where the player takes the role of a spaceship pilot, and explores a realistic 1:1 scale open-world representation of the Milky Way galaxy. Odyssey is a paid DLC that allows players to explore worlds on foot, undertake ground missions, find work, assistance, and shops in social hubs and meet fellow pilots in person rather than peering at them through the cockpit window.
Considering the Odyssey DLC spent over a month in alpha, you’d think most of the bugs would be handled before release. Many of the issues with the DLC revolve around bugs rather than the content or controls. Bugs include being unable to invite friends because the game doesn’t register they’re online, players not able to see each other due to being on different “instances” of the game, and servers kicking players off for no apparent reason.
Release: 2020- PC
Developer: Relentless Studios
Publisher: Amazon Game Studios
Crucible was a free-to-play multiplayer third-person shooter developed and published by Relentless Studios, a subsidiary of Amazon Game Studios. Teammates need to work together to take down alien creatures, capture objectives, and pursue opponents in pursuit of victory. As of October 2020, development has discontinued.
The execution of Crucible seemed to lack focus. It wanted it to be like Overwatch or Team Fortress 2, but it failed to be a completed system that players could enjoy. It lacked important features of any multiplayer game; such as team chat, voice chat, and a vote-kicking system. Those are all necessary for the players who were lucky enough to even be placed in a match.
Release: 1989- NES
Developer: Atlus
Publisher: LJN
Players take the role of any one of six camp counselors, switching between them as needed, while exploring the Camp Crystal Lake area and being attacked by Jason. The player must avoid the deaths of all counselors or the children they’re taking care of. To win the game, the player must survive for three days, depleting Jason’s life bar each time to move onto the next day.
Considered one of the most difficult horror games, it’s the mechanics of the gameplay that cause the most issues. Between unavoidable hits, unhelpful weapons, and baffling enemies, you also have to worry about Jason randomly appearing and killing you. The battles with enemies and Jason are viewed as repetitive and downright boring. The ending is underwhelming too. After you’ve managed to defeat Jason multiple times, the screen merely says “The End” with no closure for the counselors or children.
Release: 1993- MS-DOS, NES, SNES
Developer: The Software Toolworks, Radical Entertainment
Publisher: The Software Toolworks, Mindscape
Mario Is Missing! is an educational game. The player controls Luigi, who must travel around the world to find and return stolen treasures as part of a quest to find his brother, Mario, who has been captured by Bowser. The computer version is a point-and-click adventure, while the NES and SNES have platform game elements. In the game, Bowser has relocated from the Mushroom Kingdom to the real world, where he has set up his headquarters in an Antarctic castle. Bowser’s plan is to steal the Earth’s treasures with the use of the Passcode-Operated Remote Transportation and Larceny System (PORTALS), which allows his Koopas to teleport anywhere in the world. Bowser plans to sell the treasures to buy enough hairdryers so that he can melt the ice of Antarctica.
Because Mario is Missing! was an educational game, reviews were mixed upon its first release. The locations were nearly identical-looking and the gameplay repetitive. The age group for this game is very specific. If you’re older than seven or eight years old, then it’s a very easy game to play. If you’re much younger than that, then gameplay becomes quite difficult. Not to mention that the use of hairdryers as a plot device to melt Antarctica is just random.
Release: 2003- PC, Playstation 2
Developer: Core Design, Beenox
Publisher: Eidos Interactive
A series of grisly murders brings Lara into conflict with a sinister Alchemist from the past and a secret alliance of powerful individuals. At the center of these mysteries are the Obscura Paintings – five 14th century pieces of art that the Alchemist is desperate to repossess. Accused of the murder of her one-time mentor, Werner Von Croy, Lara is pursued by the police while trying to go up against the Alchemist.
The developer’s hope for The Angel of Darkness to bring a new era of Lara Croft failed. Not because it attempted to add more storyline to the action-adventure series, but because the gameplay was so terrible that, in some cases, players couldn’t finish the game. Controls were difficult and unresponsive at times, and the camera was unruly as it panned around without the player’s consent. The game was so poorly received that the developers were never given a Tomb Raider project again and shut down in 2010.
Release: 2018- PC, PlayStation 4, Xbox One
Developer: Bethesda Game Studios
Publisher: Bethesda Softworks
Fallout 76 is an online action role-playing game set in 2102, twenty-five years after a nuclear war that devastated the Earth. The player character is a resident of Vault 76, a fallout shelter that was built in West Virginia to house America’s best and brightest minds.
In the words of a GameSpot review, Fallout 76 is “a soulless husk of an experience.” Because there are so few interactive NPCs in the world, players feel alone and bored quite easily in the open world. Even with other players on the server, it’s a massive map that the only places players will happen upon each other is at quest locations. Most voices heard are from recordings from dead NPCs, robots, and AIs who are merely there to give information. The Fallout games are known for their moral triggering decision-making, but there’s none of that in Fallout 76. Frame rate lags, freezing frames, and even game crashes make up most of the players’ experiences in the game too. There were even quests that players couldn’t complete. Overall, critics and players felt let down by the hype and promise created by the developers.
Release: 2021- PC, PlayStation 4, Nintendo Switch, Xbox One, Xbox Series X
Developer/Publisher: JanduSoft
Evil Inside is a first-person psychological horror game. After the death of his mother and the arrest of his father, Mark decides to contact her using an Ouija board. Mark will have to face his greatest fears to discover the truth.
Evil Inside is harshly criticized for being a terrible ripoff of P.T., an interactive teaser for the Silent Hill game franchise. Not only does it have a similar premise, but the mechanic of a looping hallway is nearly identical (including furniture placement and decorations). The only trope of scary games that frightens players are the jump scares. Rather than well-placed sounds or atmosphere, Evil Inside is riddled with sudden loud screams or ghostly apparitions appearing on the screen. The acting is just as poorly executed as the storyline, which thankfully only lasts for an hour’s worth of gameplay.
Release: 1982- Atari 2600
Developer/Publisher: Atari, Inc.
Pac-Man is a maze video game developed and published for the Atari 2600 as an adaptation of the 1980 hit arcade game of the same name. The player controls the title character and attempts to consume wafers while avoiding four ghosts that pursue him.
While the game itself had a commercial success, it’s the prime example that revenue isn’t everything. Even though it had 7.2 million copies sold in its first year, Pac-Man is still heavily criticized even today for its poor graphics that barely resembled the original. Take one look at the original arcade game versus the later video game, and you’ll see the quality of graphics differ. However, it should be noted that the Atari 2600 was released in 1977 causing this Pac-Man video game to have different, and slightly outdated, technological abilities.
Release: 2017- PC, iOS, PlayStation Vita, Nintendo Switch, Xbox One
Developer: NEKCOM Entertainment
Publisher: Coconut Island Games, Oasis Games
DYING: Reborn is a dark, horror-themed puzzle game that creates a first-person room escape experience. Players will encounter a mysterious fish-head nemesis, a grudge, and a series of never-ending trials.
The point of horror games is that there’s a sense of urgency and fear of consequences. DYING: Reborn is missing both. For one, the player can’t die, merely get stuck on a puzzle. Most players didn’t feel any connection or need to keep going due to lackluster characters and plot. Plus, if the player had the VR game, they only get to play half the game as the developers cut out most of the content.
Release: 1994- Philips CD-i
Developer: Philips Fantasy Factory
Publisher: Philips Interactive Media
Just like with the CD-i Zelda games, there originally were plans for multiple Mario games on the platform, however only Hotel Mario was released. Players control Mario, who must find Princess Toadstool by going through seven hotels in the Mushroom Kingdom. Like most Mario games, each hotel is divided into stages and the objective is to close all doors in each stage. Each hotel ends in a boss fight with one of Bowser’s Koopalings, leading up to a battle with Bowser himself.
While Hotel Mario was viewed as better than the CD-i Zelda games (listed below), it wasn’t viewed completely positively. It was enjoyed up until the player started feeling bored from the repetitive levels. Not to mention that the whole goal of the stages were to close doors, which wasn’t all that enticing for players to keep playing. The cutscenes were filled with acting that just doesn’t fit with the rest of the playful Mario series. And if you thought the animation of them looked similar, that’s because they’re created by the same company as the Zelda games.
Release: 2014- Wii U
Developer: Big Red Button
Publisher: Sega
Sonic Boom: Rise of Lyric is an action-adventure game where the Sonic franchise characters must work together as they face the deadly snake-like ancient villain, Lyric, and his army of robots. Sonic and his team will travel around the world through ancient ruins, the depths of the ocean, and even back in time to save the world from Lyric’s evil plan.
To put it into perspective, on the first day of release, players discovered a glitch that allowed them to infinitely go higher while using Knuckles’ jump. This is another title trying to be multiple games at once, and it fails at all of them. Most battles are the same, but what makes them unbearable are the times when you’re forced to fight an unbalanced grouping of robots.
Controls are called sloppy due to them being either unresponsive or as if the characters had too much to drink. The biggest aspect and skill of Sonic is his speed, but when the player uses it (either forced by the level design or choosing to) the frame rate suffers. Not only do sound effects not load, but even whole sections of the world will be missing if the player doesn’t do a precise movement. Rise of Lyric is so bugged that it would even cause Wii U systems to fully crash, causing the player to hard reset their system.
Release: 2016- PC, Xbox One
Developer/Publisher: Snowrunner Games
Soda Drinker Pro is a video game that simulates the act of drinking soda. That’s it. That’s the game.
Spend one minute watching a gameplay video of Soda Drinker Pro and you can understand why this game is so polarizing between critics and players. The drawn graphics and sound effects make you think the game was made in a day…and you’d be correct. Sound levels need to be lowered once you start the game because of how obnoxious the music and sound effects are. What confuses even me is whether this game was a complete parody of simulation games or not. Either way, critics rate this game as a fail because of how boring and basic the levels are.
Fun Fact: Creator Will Brierly has recently created an AI named Merrill Grambell that’s the first show completely hosted by artificial intelligence as it interacts with guests.
Release: 2003- GameCube, Xbox
Developer: Lucky Chicken Games
Publisher: TK Mediactive
After a long absence and being presumed dead, Aquaman’s mortal enemy Black Manta has returned. Manta intends to terrorize and ultimately destroy Aquaman’s kingdom of Atlantis. Little does Aquaman know that there is an even greater enemy waiting, who will attempt to take the Throne of Atlantis right out from under him. Duh, duh, duh!
The biggest complaints revolve around how basic and bland the game is as a whole. The enemies are the same, the battles are the same, and the environment is just as boring. Aquaman: Battle for Atlantis seems more like an underwater wasteland with a lack of neutral beings, aquatic life, animated backgrounds, or ground objects. Cutscenes consist of comic-like slides instead of animated scenes and there’s no voice-over, let alone a variety of sound effects.
Release: 1990-2013- Arcade, 3DO, DVDiOS, PC, Nintendo 3DS, Philips CD-i, PlayStation Network, Sega CD, Wii
Developer: American Laser Games, CapDisc, Digital Leisure, Engine Software
Publisher: American Laser Games, Atari Games, Capcom, Philips Media, Digital Leisure, Majesco Entertainment
Note: For the sake of this review, we’ll focus on the 3DS version since it’s the most recent version that hasn’t been altered greatly from the original game released in 1990 for the Arcade.
The player must stop the ruthless outlaw Mad Dog McCree along with his group of fugitives. Mad Dog McCree and his band of cutthroats has ridden into town, kidnapped the Mayor and his daughter, and taken them to his hideout. It’s up to the player to save the town and the day.
Gameplay is very limited as Mad Dog McCree is more of an interactive movie than an actual video game. The storyline is poorly acted and meant only as the reasoning behind equally poorly made gunfights. On the 3DS, there’s little correlation between where you place the stylus and where the bullet fires upon. When the player finally figures out the controls, thankfully it’ll only take about 15 minutes to complete the game. There are plenty of other issues, including sound quality, that are consistent throughout its many releases on various platforms.
Release: 2001- PC
Developer: Magic Lantern
Publisher: Infogrames
Based on the American version of the TV series Survivor, this PC game was published by Infogrames (now known as Atari SA). It allows players to play as any of the original Borneo or Australian Outback cast members, the first and second seasons of the show, respectively. The game also included a character creation system for making custom characters.
If you’ve ever wanted a game that has exactly the same challenges every time, then this one’s perfect for you. While critics didn’t mind seeing live-action scenes from the actual show, the animations that make up most of the game are horrendous. There’s a severe lack of variety in the challenges through the game’s “season” and the only voice actor in the game is the host. To sum it up, PC Gamer wrote in their February 2002 issue, “Getting voted off THIS island makes you a winner, not a loser.”
Release: 2014- Nintendo 3DS
Developer: Delta Arts
Publisher: Bandai Namco Games
Fight evil robots as the heroes of the anime series in Tenkai Knights: Brave Battle. The game involves the group Guren, Ceylan, Toxsa and Chooki, who accidentally fall through an inter-dimensional portal. They find themselves in another world and have assumed the roles of Bravenwolf, Tributon, Valorn and Lydendor; otherwise known as the legendary Tenkai Knights who protect the dimensions.
This game struggles with deciding what it wants to do. In cutscenes between characters, some will have voice lines while others just have text the player has to read. There’s a lack of logical progression in the level stages. You could spend an hour easily defeating enemies and missions, then suddenly end up restarting the same level multiple times because of how difficult it suddenly becomes.
Release: 2012- Xbox 360/PlayStation 3
Developer: VectorCell
Publisher: Lexis Numérique
AMY is a survival horror game where players must protect and escort Amy, an eight-year-old autistic girl with unknown powers, as they try to get her out of a city overrun with wild creatures and enemies. The story follows Amy and the player character, Lana, as they work together to fight or flee in the hope of saving not only each other, but also the future of humanity itself.
Having to handle the child Amy and not have her run off into a hoard of zombies when you leave her for a few seconds isn’t the worst part of this game. Instead, it’s a combination of bad controls, repetitive and boring puzzles, and frustrating gameplay. Lana can’t engage in unarmed combat, but the game doesn’t add in easy-to-find weapons for her to use. There are limited checkpoints and no auto-save, causing many players to rage-quit before finishing the game. The game seems to have been released for an outdated console and not the Playstation 3 or Xbox 360. In fact, the game was meant to release for PC but was canceled due to such a negative response.
Release: 2003- GameCube/PlayStation 2
Developer: Neko Entertainment
Publisher: Ubisoft
Charlie’s Angels is based on the first and second film in the series. It continues the plot line of private investigators Alex Munday, Dylan Sanders, and Natalie Cook as they attempt to solve the mystery of a series of missing national monuments. While the heroines don’t use firearms, but they can attack with blunt weapons and certain environmental objects.
Much like other movies made into a video game, this one disappoints. The character models are blocky and movement is clunky. Navigating around the world frustrates players because suddenly walls or obstacles will appear in the way. There’s also an on-screen arrow that guides the player to the next objective, though it has a nasty habit of leading players into barriers or stairways that seem insurmountable. With minimal variety in both enemies and fight moves, the character models glitch around the screen. Even the player’s chosen character will start randomly moving without the player’s instruction.
Release: 2010- Xbox 360
Developer: AMA Studios
Publisher: Ubisoft
Utilizing Microsoft’s Kinect technology, Fighters Uncaged is a single-player fighting game. The player controls the protagonist of the game, Simon, through his attempts to win an illegal fighting tournament to help get his father out of trouble with a crime lord. Simon can do a range of different actions, and the player can execute special moves by shouting in the direction of the Kinect.
The biggest issue of Fighters Uncaged was the controls. Not only were they unintuitive, but they were barely recognized by the Kinect. With unflattering graphics, the players were forced to repeat the same fights to even progress in the game. In the summary above, it’s assumed there’s a storyline to the game. There isn’t. In fact, the information about Simon’s father is only mentioned in the instruction manual. As IGN put it, “It looks and plays like it was rushed.”
Release: 1993-1994- Philips CD-i
Developer: Animation Magic, Viridis Corporation
Publisher: Philips Interactive Media
This is a trilogy of action-adventure games produced by Philips for their CD-i format as part of Nintendo’s The Legend of Zelda video game series. The first two games were released simultaneously and were side-scrolling, while Zelda’s Adventure, was released 8 months later and was top-down and included live-action scenes. Link: The Faces of Evil puts the player in control of Link, who goes on a quest to defeat Ganon and rescue Princess Zelda. Zelda: The Wand of Gamelon changes the roles and has the player control the princess, who goes out to save Link and defend her kingdom from Ganon. Both must travel to a new world to thwart Ganon’s plans. Zelda’s Adventure follows the non-traditional Zelda-saves-Link storyline, in which Link has been captured by Ganon. She must collect the seven celestial signs scattered all throughout Tolemac in order to rescue him.
While positively viewed at first release, decades later many have harshly criticized the trilogy for its early ’90s graphics. The Faces of Evil and Wand of Gamelon were highly anticipated and originally praised for its unique animated cutscenes. Even in modern reviews critics have complimented level backgrounds taking the poor hardware design of the CD-i into account. The acting is meant to be taken seriously, but it’s laughable to hear (or watch in the case of the third game). In fact, Zelda’s Adventure couldn’t play sound effects or music at the same time. The controls are the biggest complaint from players and critics, especially for the third game, Zelda’s Adventure. Take all that, add in long loading times when walking from one screen to the other, and be ready for an infuriating gaming session.
Release: 2013- Xbox 360, PlayStation 3, Wii U, Nintendo 3DS, PC
Developer: Firebrand Games
Publisher: Activision
Fast & Furious: Showdown takes some of the franchise’s iconic characters (everyone except Dominic Toretto) on a “high-stakes” adventure around the globe. Players can switch roles with their AI partners or team up with a friend for a two-person local co-op. The story begins with a cut scene featuring Monica Fuentes finding Riley Hicks digging around through files in her office. Riley introduces herself and states she is going to meet Luke Hobbs in 24 hours, and needs to know everything Hobbs has been up to. The missions are the events told by Monica to explain what Hobbs had been dealing with. Through this, various events from the movies, like the safe dragging scene from Fast Five, or the hijacking scene from Fast & Furious are presented.
A game for a big movie franchise always has more expectations, and Fast & Furious: Showdown doesn’t meet them. Many comment that the game felt as if they took a prototype of another and added in the Fast & Furious elements. Aside from its terrible graphics, the game is incredibly quick to finish compared to other games in its price point at the time. In only 2.5 hours, players finish a game filled with bugs, sometimes impassable, and missions that end for no reason at all.
Release: 1992- Sega CD
Developer: Digital Pictures
Publisher: Sega
In Night Trap, the player takes the role of a special agent tasked to watch over teenage girls having a sleepover. Unknown to the girls, the house is full of danger. The player watches live surveillance footage of the house and triggers traps to capture anyone seen endangering the girls. The player can freely switch their view between different cameras to keep watch over the girls and eavesdrop on conversations to follow the story and listen for clues.
While it was praised for its smooth video animation and humor, it was heavily controversial for its shallow gameplay. In 1993, the US Senate held hearings on the violence of video games, which claimed Night Trap promoted aggression towards women and had gratuitous violence. The game was even removed from store shelves in Toys “R” Us and Kay-Bee Toys, after both received numerous complaints. Still, the game was released on multiple consoles (most recently the Nintendo Switch) even though many continued to dislike the game. We can’t forget to mention that the game is so fast-paced that you can barely keep up, let alone enjoy the game. To sum up how people feel about this game, here’s what Next Generation magazine had to say in a 1995 issue, “Just forget it. Leave it alone. Let it die.”
Release: 2005- Playstation 2, PC, Wii
Developer: Data Design Interactive
Publisher: Metro3D Europe, Data Design Interactive, Conspiracy Entertainment
Ninjabread Man is an action-adventure platformer with a total of three levels in the game. In order to proceed to the next level, players must collect eight power rods to activate a teleporter. The Ninjabread Man can attack enemies with a samurai sword or throw shurikens.
Perhaps, if this game was published a decade earlier, its rudimentary gameplay could be excusable. The enemies are barely aggressive, the controls barely responsive, and excitement barely existent. One reviewer wrote they’d rather play E.T. (discussed later) than play this short-lived game. If you want to try the same game but with a different theme, then try out Anubis II, Myth Makers: Trixie in Toyland, or Rock ‘n’ Roll Adventures since they’re all exactly the same!
Release: 2009- PC, Xbox 360, PlayStation 3
Developer: Team17
Publisher: Codemasters
Box Office Bust features Larry Lovage, the main character of Leisure Suit Larry: Magna Cum Laude, whose uncle Larry Laffer, asks for his assistance at his movie studio. Throughout the game, he does odd jobs while trying to uncover a mole from a rival studio that is attempting to sabotage Laffer Studios.
In most games, it’s not a negative thing for there to be an open, sandbox world. In the case of Box Office Bust, however, it is. Players are forced to find golf carts from around the setting if they want to avoid long walking times to get to their goal. If a player fails in a side job, they are then forced to restart the whole mission and not from a checkpoint. Also, if you end up attracting the attention of the studio security, you don’t get to evade them or bribe them off, you instead have to restart the whole mission. Other issues include hard controls, a camera that gets wonky, and mediocre writing.
Release: 2012- PC
Developer: Hammerpoint Interactive
Publisher: OP Productions
(Formerly known as “The War Z“) It has been 5 years since the outbreak, giving rise to a post-apocalyptic nightmare with 95% of the human race wiped out. To survive, the player will require food, weapons, and other supplies which can be scavenged throughout the world or from other players. All the while, they must encounter and battle both zombies and players.
Firstly, let’s address the name change. Originally called The War Z, the United States Patent and Trademark Office suspended the request to trademark the name, most likely due to the upcoming World War Z movie. Executive Producer Sergey Titov refuted the claim, even though the USPTO website confirmed the suspension. This is one of many unprofessional remarks and actions in the history of the Infestation: Survivor Stories game from the OP Productions team. In fact, the day after release, the developers tried to implement unreasonable wait times which could be ignored for in-game currency (aka microtransactions).
Bad business practices aside, the promised gameplay in the alpha and press release was missing upon full release. With a high spawn rate for weapons and fear of hackers, players felt punished rather than enjoyment in the challenge of a PVP game. There were plenty of missing features that are standard to video games, such as skill points and missions. In April 2013, just five months after release, the game and its forums were taken offline.
Release: 1982- Atari 2600
Developer/Publisher: Atari, Inc.
E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial is an adventure video game based on the film of the same name. The main objective is to get the character through various screens to collect three pieces of an interplanetary telephone that will allow him to contact his home planet.
E.T. is another game famous for a great release until people started actually playing the game. It was rushed to be retail ready for the 1982 Christmas season, which meant only 5 weeks of production was possible. The main complaint about the game is the world itself. Howard Scott Warshaw, the creator of the game, wanted a unique world from the movie. So he created a wraparound world that returns the player to the same screen without any explanation.
The pits that players had to avoid were sometimes impossible when going from one screen to the next. Overall, players found the game to be boring and instructions confusing. While marketed as a game for kids, players had to memorize different power zones and what E.T.’s powers were in those specific zones (and they were all randomized for each game). While many ridicule the graphics of the game, they weren’t much different from other Atari games at the time.
Release: 2017- Nintendo Switch
Developer/Publisher: Poisoft
Vroom in the night sky is a magical bike action game where the player controls a magical girl who rides on a flying scooter. She collects items called “Stardusts” while shooting missiles at giant circles to open a portal.
This game is the perfect example of how Nintendo is slacking to gatekeep the Switch’s eShop. Ignoring the poor translation from Japanese to English, the game lacks in magical graphics to match the magical girl players control. With no storyline, the game is incredibly easy to get through. The most amusement players get is from the random dialogue between the main character and a random flying companion that’s poorly translated.
Release: 1999- Nintendo 64
Developer/Publisher: Titus Interactive
In Superman: The New Superman Aventures (yes, that is how it’s spelled on the box), Lex Luthor has trapped Jimmy Olsen, Lois Lane, and Professor Hamilton in a virtual reality version of Metropolis, created with the help of Brainiac. It’s up to Superman to save them and break apart the virtual world. The game switches between outdoor levels where the player flies through rings while saving civilians, and indoor levels where the player looks for access cards, activates computers, and fights well-known Superman franchise villains such as Brainiac and Parasite.
Overall the game, also known as Superman 64, was ridiculed for its repetitiveness, difficult and confusing objectives, poor controls, numerous glitches that interfere with gameplay, and poor graphics. The game also has an introductory ring maze sequence that is notorious for frustrating and surprising new players and leaves nearly no room for error. The game’s developers, Titus Interactive, was harshly criticized for the poor quality of the game even though they kept pushing it as a financial success. Titus also stated that they had bigger plans for the game and blames Warner Bros as the two were having creative differences throughout the game’s development.
Release: 1993- PC
Developer: United Pixtures
Publisher: United Pixtures, Kirin Entertainment
Plumbers Don’t Wear Ties is a romantic comedy visual novel/dating sim. The player makes storyline choices in a DVD menu-style manner. The game stars Edward J. Foster and Jeanne Basone as John and Jane; two people who are being pressured by their respective parents to go out and find a spouse. The goal is to get John and Jane together.
Many initial negative reviews were due to original advertising showing the game as a full-motion video game (FMV) but actual gameplay was presented as a slideshow using mostly still images instead of full-motion graphics as well as random, out-of-place color filters. The game is noted for its unbelievable storyline and poor acting. As written in the July 1994 issue of PC Gamer, this game has, “the wit and charm of an elephant’s arse.”
Release: 2012- Wii U
Developer: Art Co., Ltd.
Publisher: D3 Publisher
Family Party is a party game with two modes of playing the mini-games available: Challenge Mode and Freeplay Mode. Despite the name, there are 35 mini-games in total which are spread across five different worlds, with each world having five Wii Remote games and two games that use the Wii U Gamepad.
Criticisms target every aspect of this game, even its long-winded title. Graphics appear outdated compared to other titles released on the Wii U, the voice acting was obnoxiously loud and repetitive, and the game barely utilized the Wii U Gamepad features. Metacritic reviewer Jrwchil said it best, “If you think of this disc as a coaster to put your coffee on it’s a great game, it comes with a free box to wedge your door open on a hot summers night too.”
Release: 2003- PC
Developer: Stellar Stone
Publisher: GameMill Publishing
Big Rigs: Over the Road Racing is a racing video game where the player controls a semi-trailer truck (aka big rig) and races an opponent through checkpoints on US truck routes. The player chooses from four playable semi-trailer trucks and five truck routes and the player navigates their truck through checkpoints using the arrow keys.
Although the game states the objective was to race, deliver cargo, and avoid the police, neither cargo nor police were featured in the game. Selecting the fourth route in the menu will cause the game to crash and there is no collision between the player’s truck and the opponent. In fact, before a patch, the opponent didn’t even move. Now the opponent will stop before reaching the finish line, meaning guaranteed wins for the player. There also is no time limit to complete a race, so if you wanted to drive off the road and view the poorly textured landscape, you could.
I tend to believe that the best video games include incredible storylines, plot twists, and amazing cut-scenes.
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Not all video game bosses are created equal. Some hardly earn the title, while others can push players to the brink of physical exhaustion. Think video games can’t hurt you in real life? Think again. These are the most brutal boss fights in all of video game history—guaranteed to land a controller or two through your TV screen.
It’s worth noting this list is entirely subjective. Your mileage against these video game bosses may vary depending on skill and sometimes sheer luck. If you think we missed a particularly heinous boss fight, be sure to let us know in the comments below.
Game: Resident Evil 3
Release Date: 1999
Nemesis is the main villain of Resident Evil 3 so, of course, he is the main boss of the game. Players encounter him throughout the game numerous times but he mutates after each attack, getting progressively harder to defeat. By the end of the game it’s just you, Nemesis, and a railgun. If you think you can take him on, that’s your decision and we wholeheartedly wish you the best.
Game: Ori and the Blind Forest
Release Date: 2015
This boss isn’t exactly a fight in the traditional sense but players must complete rounds of puzzles before escaping the Ginso Tree. It’s the escape that has become infamous for its brutal guidelines. If you touch the water as it rises, you’ll have to start the level over which takes several minutes to complete. If you can’t get by, try easy mode which includes checkpoints, but don’t expect any bonus points from us.
Game: Metroid Prime 2
Release Date: 2004
We could hear the collective groans from here of all the players that endured this battle in Metroid Prime 2. The Spider Guardian is arguably the worst fight in the whole game and we challenge you to fight us on that one. Not only does this monster zip around unpredictability but you’ve also got very specific moves to pull off in order to be effective and not much time to do it. If you want to kill this boss, don’t let it touch you!
Game: Shovel Knight
Release Date: 2014
The Enchantress is the main antagonist of Shovel Knight and this boss is far from optional. Defeating the Enchantress is necessary to save Shield Knight but we won’t go into details here to avoid spoilers. Dealing damage in this boss fight is a serious pain as the Enchantress is only vulnerable in one location and hurls dangerous projectiles throughout the fight. Our advice? Keep trying!
Game: God of War
Release Date: 2018
Thankfully, this boss is optional, so beating it is for nothing but brownie points! You must defeat the Valkyrie Queen Sigrun’s Valkyries before she can be summoned and there are nine of them to take down. The rewards for this fight are totally worth it, though. You get more than 5,000 experience points, a trophy, and plenty of powerful gear to equip.
Game: Mass Effect 3
Release Date: 2012
Mass Effect is well-known for its huge, space-themed universe and numerous alien characters, but the most powerful boss in this series is none other than a human from Earth. Kai Leng is one of the toughest baddies in the game and one of the toughest battles we’ve ever seen. Many attacks aren’t effective in this battle save from Cryo powers that can slow him down. If you aren’t ready for this fight, you’ll find out soon enough.
Game: Pokemon Red, Pokemon Blue
Release Date: 1998
I won’t refer to Mewtwo as a villain but he is definitely an opponent in the Pokemon franchise and a notably powerful one at that. If you remember playing Pokemon Red and Pokemon Blue, chances are you remember the encounter with Mewtwo. If you aren’t ready to face him, your team will be wiped out in no time. Our suggestion? Save your Master Ball for this guy.
Game: Mortal Kombat 3
Release Date: 1995
The main villain behind Mortal Kombat 3 is Shao Kahn so it makes perfect sense that this battle would be the toughest in the game—we just didn’t know it would be one of the toughest fights of all time! You’ll spend a lot of time dodging his attacks in this battle, but if you can catch him in the middle of a Shoulder Ram, you can intervene with an uppercut and follow up with your favorite combo move to do some damage.
Game: Cave Story
Release Date: 2004
The true antagonist of Cave Story is Ballos and it definitely shows in his nearly impossible-to-win boss fight. Even if you get to the ending of Cave Story go toe-to-toe with this bad guy, and manage to defeat him, you have a second round to endure and it’s way harder than the first battle. Ballos is almost entirely impervious to your attacks. The trick for this battle is to shoot for the eyes!
Game: BioShock Infinite
Release Date: 2013
When you play through BioShock Infinite, there’s no easy way to get past the Ghost of Lady Comstock and even if you do, there’s a second battle to follow up the first. This fight is ruthless and she does everything to make the experience a living hell. It doesn’t help that her ghost has a tendency to bring the dead back to life around her, so you’ll be managing a horde of zombie foes throughout the duration of her fight.
Game: Jackal
Release Date: 1988
Konami’s Jackal was known in the ’80s as a fun multiplayer game, complete with tanks and plenty of bad guys to take down. But if you want to win the game, you have to take down the final boss. Playing might seem easy at first, but by the end, you’re low on resources, and surviving gets harder and harder. To make things worse, the final boss has waves of stages to complete before the final giant tank appears.
Game: Sonic the Hedgehog 3 and Knuckles
Release Date: 1994
The final stop for Sonic the Hedgehog 3 and Knuckles is one of the most frustrating Robotnik bosses of all time. The Great Eggman Robo is exactly what it sounds like. It’s great in size, it looks like Egg Man, and it’s definitely a robot. This boss fight takes place right after the defeat of another, so you’re going into it without a break. And just when you think you’ve made progress, there’s another stage to endure.
Game: Metal Gear Solid
Release Date: 1998
This was one of the most difficult and frightening bosses we’ve ever seen. This guy has some crazy mind powers. At one point, he asks the player to place the game controller down and uses his mind to move it (or maybe it was just rumble settings). In another feat, he reads the mind by tapping into your memory card save data and commenting on select Konami games. He can recognize Castlevania Chronicles, Vandal Hearts, Azure Dreams, and Suikoden.
Game: Final Fantasy XI
Release Date: 2005
In Final Fantasy XI, players can encounter a type of enemy known as a Notorious Monster, or NM for short. Absolute Virtue is so difficult to defeat, it’s regarded by the Final Fantasy community as the longest-running NM, having taken players the longest to defeat through legitimate means. This boss is hard enough to fight but you better be careful when he first appears. Absolute Virtue spawns with a special buff that can instantly KO players with one hit.
Game: Paper Mario: The Thousand-Year Door
Release Date: 2004
Paper Mario is anything but fragile–this game had some seriously tough baddies to take down. The one we can’t get out of our nightmares is The Shadow Queen. She might be one of the most powerful foes Mario has ever encountered next to Bowser. This boss has multiple phases and over 350 hit points to eliminate. She has an attack power as high as 17 on some attacks—making this battle far from a walk in the Mushroom Kingdom.
Game: Doom (2016)
Release Date: 2016
Doom had remained a beloved, quotable title over the years and seems to have evolved into a benchmark for low-spec screens. In 2016, we saw the release of a new game in the Doom franchise, and it was Spider Mastermind that whooped the collective booties of gamers around the world. This boss is mean, and his attacks are serious. If you want to get past him, aim for the face!
Game: Tekken 6
Release Date: 2007
Tekken is one of the most well-recognized fighting games of all time, but Tekken 6 has arguably one of the most notable boss battles we’ve ever seen. Azazel isn’t just any random foe. Azazel is the main antagonist of the entire game. There’s only one way to master this title, and Azazel is standing in your way. If you want to emerge victorious, you’ll need patience, skill, and maybe a few hours.
Game: Final Fantasy VIII
Release Date: 1999
This is the main villain of Final Fantasy VIII, so of course, the final fight is difficult—it just happens to be so difficult it stands out against other games. Ultimecia is toxic. She can kill Guardian Forces in an instant and even take away a given character’s spell stock, robbing you of critical offensive and defensive maneuvers. You have to be strong and swift to see her go down. Just one Hell’s Judgement spell takes every party member’s HP down to 1.
Game: Mega Man 2
Release Date: 1988
Mega Man has been more than mega for decades, but even he struggles against foes now and then. If you remember playing Mega Man 2, then you remember the incredibly frustrating arborous creation known as Wood Man. This is another robot created by the supervillain determined to stop you with an incredible arsenal of attacks. Players need to land 14 normal shots to take him down but need to break through his Leaf Shield while avoiding hazardous, falling leaves.
Game: Undertale
Release Date: 2015
There’s more than one way to complete Undertale, and for those familiar with the Genocide Route, nothing hits harder than the final boss fight with Sans. His attacks are ruthless and accompanied by gaster blaster skulls. You’ve got a lot to juggle just to avoid damage—let alone deal any. It takes a merciless gamer to end up face to face with Sans in this battle which is hands down the toughest battle in the entire game.
Game: Street Fighter IV
Release Date: 2009
In Street Fighter IV, Seth is responsible for aggravating players and delivering a steady stream of damage. According to Street Fighter lore, he’s the CEO for SIN, a weapon division of Shadaloo. He first appeared in 2009 and proved to be one of the most formidable foes in the entire franchise. You can still find copies of Street Fighter IV on Amazon for the PlayStation 3.
Note: Pictured is the latest redesign of the character which has much more hair than the Seth encountered in Street Fighter IV.
Game: Super Mario 64
Release Date: 1996
It’s no surprise that the big boss battle in Super Mario 64 is none other than Bowser. He’s always been a tough foe to face, but this time he’s notably fierce. He has three big moves, including a stomp, headbutt, and fire breath. If you pay close attention, you can recognize when a particular attack has begun to steer clear of incurring damage. Get around those attacks, and you might stand a chance at winning.
Game: Donkey Kong 64
Release Date: 1999
Donkey Kong 64 brought our favorite Nintendo primate to an entirely new dimension (3D, to be exact). Anyone who’s played through this game knows it’s bananas and can’t forget the main antagonist—King K. Rool. If you want to defeat him for good, you have to go toe to toe with King Krusha K. Rool, his boxer persona, in one of the hardest battles in the whole game.
Game: Chrono Trigger
Release Date: 1995
The final boss of this game is named Lavos. He’s an evil alien parasite and a serious threat to the world. If you want to take him down, it’s not going to be easy. This boss was saved for last for a reason. If you want to beat Chrono Trigger, be ready to take out this boss for good.
Game: Earthbound
Release Date: 1989
The main villain of the SNES game Earthbound, known in Japan as Mother, is a big baddie named Giygas. This boss is beyond tough, and he comes in three aggressively dangerous forms. If you want to take down Giygas for good, all you can do is pray for a victory. No, literally! If you use Paula’s prayer ability and manage to squeeze in 9 prayers, you can beat Giygas and complete Earthbound.
Game: The Legend of Zelda: Majora’s Mask
Release Date: 2000
The final boss in The Legend of Zelda: Majora’s Mask is none other than Majora. And what a final boss it is! Players have to face off against Majora, who has three forms to defeat: Majora’s Mask, Majora’s Incarnation, and Majora’s Wrath. Taking out all three nets earns you some serious bragging points and the completion status you need to finish the game.
Game: Metal Gear Solid
Release Date: 1998
Without giving too much away, let’s just say your character has a lot in common with this boss. If you want to take down Liquid Snake, you have to act fast. He gets tougher as the battle progresses, and the pressing time limit doesn’t do you any favors.
Game: Shadow of the Colossus
Release Date: 2005
Shadow of the Colossus was released in 2005, and the fanbase is still going strong 15 years later. This boss is referred to as Dirge by the fans. It can be found in the Forbidden Lands around quadrant B4. This worm-like boss is seriously destructive, but its glowing eyes are a weak spot that can be exploited.
Game: Guitar Hero 3
Release Date: 2007
Battle of the bands is totally on the table for this boss battle list. If you’re a fan of the mid-2000’s classic Guitar Hero, you may remember this carpal-tunnel-inducing ballad by DragonForce known as Through the Fire and the Flames. If you’re a sucker for rhythm games, this song is the hardest goal worth tackling on the greatest difficulty.
Game: Minecraft
Release Date: 2011
There’s an ending to Minecraft? That’s right—there is a way to beat this classic sandbox game. There’s only one way to get the Ender Egg, and it involves facing off against the Ender Dragon. He is the biggest monster in the game, and it takes a bit of patience to see through. We recommend starting this fight with quality armor and plenty of friends!
Game: Mortal Kombat
Release Date: 1992
It’s hard to imagine Mortal Kombat without Goro. Not only is he regarded as a staple character to the series, but he’s also often recognized as the toughest boss in the first Mortal Kombat. He’s a secondary boss next to Shang Tsung.
Game: Super Mario RPG: Legend of the Seven Stars
Release Date: 1996
Super Mario RPG: Legend of the Seven Stars brings all the best features of an RPG to the imaginative world of the Mushroom Kingdom. There are plenty of battles to complete, including optional ones like Culex. This boss is arguably the toughest in the game and even harder to beat than the main villain, Smithy.
Game: World Of Warcraft
Release Date: 2004
Until the release of new expansion packs, C’Thun was regarded as the toughest boss in Word of Warcraft. If you wanted to max out your character and beat all the bosses, this guy was your last stop. He can be found in the temple of Ahn’Qiraj.
Game: Mega Man
Release Date: 1987
The only weakness this giant yellow boss has is his little red eye. The Yellow Devil is from Mega Man. It’s known for its gooey body that can split into pieces and fly around the screen. If you want to defeat him, dodge his body, and shoot for the eye!
Game: Final Fantasy VII
Release Date: 1997
The Final Fantasy series is known for its occasional inclusion of optional bosses. This powerful boss, from 1997’s Final Fantasy VII, is known as Emerald Weapon. It’s featured alongside four other weapons: Ruby, Diamond, Sapphire, and Ultimate.
Game: Mushihime-sama Futari
Release Date: 2006
They don’t call these games bullet-hells for nothing! Queen Larsa from Mushihime-sama Futari is the main villain and final boss fight in the game. The rules are easy, shoot first and don’t get shot. If you want to mark this game off your list, you’ve got to start firing and dodge!
Game: Destiny: House of Wolves
Release Date: 2015
Destiny: House of Wolves launched in 2015. The final boss in the Prison of Elders challenge is Skolas, and he’s more than mean. This go around, he still has his ground-smashing and teleportation abilities, but he’s beefed up with a Scorch Cannon. It only takes a few shots to get knocked out by this bad guy.
Game: Castlevania
Release Date: 1986
Castlevania dropped in 1986, and who better to serve as the final boss of this vampire classic than Dracula? If you want to beat this game, you’ve got to take the old bat down. Dracula can transform into a huge monster that hops around shooting fireballs at the player. There’s a reason they saved him for last. He’s an absolute beast to fight.
Game: The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time
Release Date: 1998
The Dark Link mini-boss can be found in the Water Temple. This is hands-down one of the biggest challenges players will face in the Ocarina of Time. Dark Link knows all of your moves, and the damage from each attack hits hard. It doesn’t help that he can also teleport right behind you.
Game: Castlevania III: Dracula’s Curse
Release Date: 1989
Castlevania III: Dracula’s Curse was released in 1989. What better way to see out the ’80s than to spend countless hours getting whipped by Death himself. This is one of the toughest boss battles in the entire game. Players have to dodge flying scythes and withstand two different forms of this pixelated baddie.
Game: Metal Gear Solid 3: Snake Eater
Release Date: 2004
There’s only one thing tougher than a sniper, and that’s another sniper who’s better than the first sniper. If you want to finish Metal Gear Solid 3: Snake Eater, you’ve got to take our The End, an old sniper that could be one of 40 hiding spots across three maps. You can use a few tricks to beat this old sharpshooting master—one of the most amusing methods is to time travel ahead two weeks by adjusting your Xbox clock. The old sniper will die of old age.
Game: Ninja Gaiden
Release Date: 2004
Ninja Gaiden for the Xbox is classic and just one decade away from being an antique—but we won’t get into that. If you want to conquer this exciting game, you’ll need to take out Alma. She’s one of the main baddies in the game and for good reason. This boss is one of the biggest pains for completionists.
Game: Sonic the Hedgehog 2
Release Date: 1992
In Sonic the Hedgehog 2, nothing stomped players quite like the Death Egg Robot from the Death Egg Zone. This is the last zone and is set on Dr. Robotnik’s Death Egg satellite. You have to defeat the robot to win the game, but this battle requires Sonic to survive the entire fight without any rings.
Game: Zelda II: The Adventure of Link
Release Date: 1987
If you want to get through Zelda II: The Adventure of Link, you’ll have to square up against Dark Link. He copies all of your abilities and looks just like Link, albeit a bit more shadowy. It’s hard enough to beat a monster but squaring up against a boss designed to mimic your moves is even harder. This fight is the closest you’ll get to an equally matched opponent.
Game: Kingdom Hearts
Release Date: 2002
If you have half a heart, you obviously haven’t spent hours facing off against Ansem. Wait, we mean Riku. Or do we? It doesn’t matter; what does matter is that this boss is responsible for one of the toughest Disney-themed JRPG battles you can encounter. He’s not even optional. This fight is necessary to complete the game. You can play the original Kingdom Hearts in a remastered edition for the PlayStation 4.
Game: Street Fighter II
Release Date: 91
Anyone who grew up playing Street Fighter knows how serious the final boss fight is with M. Bison in Street Fighter II. Ever since his first appearance, his character has remained one of the most notorious baddies of the franchise. This boss fight is responsible for the transfer of countless quarters across arcades in the 90s.
Game: Punch-Out!!
Release Date: 1987
The big boss of this game is so big his name is on the box—or at least it was before the team lost rights to Mike Tyson’s name and rebranded the game as just Punch-Out!! The final boss with Mike Tyson was reworked into a new character called Mr. Dream. He might look different, but he’s the same, seemingly unbeatable boss.
Game: Kingdom Hearts 2
Release Date: 2005
It’s sometimes contested in the Kingdom Hearts community whether Sephiroth is harder to beat in KH1 or KH2. In both battles, the player is left to fight one on one without any assistance from Donald or Goofy. This battle isn’t even required, so any beatings that occur are entirely voluntary.
Game: Final Fantasy XI
Release Date: 2002
This boss fight pushed players way beyond their limits in an incident that lasted over 18 hours with no success. Some players reportedly played until they were physically ill. Over 36 players marathoned the attempted takedown of Final Fantasy XI’s Pandemonium Warden, which ultimately led to an HP decrease of the monster along with a two-hour time limit.
Game: Dark Souls
Release Date: 2011
The Dark Souls game is a notorious beast, but even Dark Souls has to have a king of all monsters. In fact, it has two. The fight against Ornstein and Smough is arguably the toughest boss battle in the whole game. In the lore, Ornstein is regarded as one of Gwyn’s four Knights, along with Artorias, Ciaran, and Gough. You’ve got to take him down along with Smogh—be careful who you save for last as this will impact the loot dropped at the end of the battle.
Every gamer has at least a handful of NPCs they’ve wished they could play as. Some NPCs are just too cool to be NPCs, sometimes even cooler than the protagonist of the game.
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Anyone who has ever had a computer, smartphone, or other techy gadget, knows storage can often be an issue in maintaining those devices. If you don’t have enough storage to use your product the way that works for you, the convenience and joy of using it go down the drain.
There’s nothing more frustrating than knowing the storage on your product is full, but not knowing how to fix it, what is taking up space, and how to delete or move the data to resolve your storage issue. That’s often the case when it comes to Macs with “other” storage issues.
If you don’t know what “other” storage is, “other” storage is basically a miscellaneous category for your Mac. This can include cache, temporary files, adware, browser extensions, and system files. Really, it includes anything that doesn’t fit within the guidelines of the standard storage categories, which is pushed into the “other” category as a way for your Mac to accurately catalog the data on your Mac.
Unfortunately, there can also be macOS issues that cause your data to be inaccurately cataloged within the “other” category even when it does fit within one of the standard storage categories (though this isn’t a super common occurrence). Luckily, “other” storage issues are generally related to a macOS issue, and not a hardware issue, so they tend to be easy to fix.
Often, Mac users download pesky adware (masquerading as helpful security and storage maintenance programs) thinking that adware or program will be able to remove the “other” data that they are having trouble locating. Sometimes, they delete data they don’t want to delete to clear up space without making an actual dent in the “other” storage.
So, in this guide, I go over how to clear up “other” storage, how to know if you have an “other” storage issue, and how to fix “other” storage issues.
2020 Apple MacBook Pro with Apple M1 Chip | × | 1 |
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Knowing the standard storage categories can help you determine what may be taking up space in that pesky “other” storage category. Keep in mind that sometimes there are going to be exceptions. For example, some apps and/or their documents and data can end up in “other,” especially adware, plug-ins, and extensions.
The standard storage categories include (but are not limited to):
There is also:
The categories will vary and be dependent on both what you have on your Mac and your macOS version.
So, how do you know if you need to take action to clear up your other storage? That’s easy! If your other storage is over 50 GB or so, then consider taking action to clear it up. Most Macs won’t exceed 50 to 60 GB of other storage without a culprit taking up space.
Another issue that can occur is unstable “other” storage. Sometimes this is just the result of a computer that needs to be reindexed. Other times, there is a macOS issue occurring. I will go into the steps to fix that later.
To check and clear your other storage, you will need to first navigate to the storage settings in your macOS. To do this, navigate to the following:
Jot down how much space “other” storage is taking up on your Mac. This will allow you to calculate your progress later. Here you can also view your Mac’s storage, and you can also make changes by deleting directly from this window.
Consider taking a moment to select “documents.” Deleting old downloaded movies, downloads you no longer need, etc., can help with “other” storage. Mostly, this is because of duplicate data or allocation issues. However, since we cannot click “other” storage and delete directly, we will take a slightly different approach.
In order to clear out the cache on your Mac, we need to navigate to the library folder using Finder. Here’s how:
~/Library/Caches
and click “go.”There are still more temp and cache living on your hard drive. So, next:
You have deleted your cache. This should reflect if you navigate back to apple logo > about this mac > storage> manage. If you are not seeing a change, consider rebooting your Mac or giving it some time to recalculate before moving forward.
To get a more accurate selection of data that may be the culprit to your other storage, we will use Finder like we did above. If you have left that window, just navigate there again. Here’s another way how:
From here, your Finder window will open to the library folder. Do not make any other changes to the library folder other than what is suggested in this guide.
Next:
Here is where you want to be mindful. Only consider deleting:
These deletions should reflect if you navigate back to Apple logo > about this mac > storage> manage. If you are not seeing a change, consider rebooting your Mac or giving it some time to recalculate before moving forward. If no changes show after a couple of minutes, reboot the Mac.
If you have done all the above steps, and still have an “other” storage problem, consider reindexing your spotlight. This will allow your computer to reorganize the data on your Mac. If it is improperly allocating data, this can often resolve it.
This step should only be done if you either have unstable, fluctuating “other” storage, or you have a ton of “other” storage (100 GB for example) that you cannot find the source of.
Note that this step takes mere seconds to complete, but your computer will take hours to reindex. I suggest giving it overnight to complete the process.
To reindex, try the following:
Your work is done for now! Give your computer several hours to reindex. Think of it like your computer is spring cleaning. It takes time.
After reindexing, if you are still having problems, there is a deeper issue happening with the macOS or your data. Things like duplicate mail folders, duplicate misplaced photo library folders, old home folders from users that were deleted (but home folders that weren’t), etc., can cause this issue.
You can continue to try to look for this data using the steps in step three:
It isn’t uncommon for this issue to happen if there are duplicates of data types that are typically large like mentioned. This does take time to look through, but can be found with patience. Checking apps like Steam, games, and other apps that have a lot of data associated with them can also help. If you cannot find the culprit, or you recognize fluctuating numbers of “other” storage being taken up (the “other” storage keeps jumping and changing), more intensive troubleshooting would have to be done.
For example:
Buying a new piece of tech can be overwhelming. Buying a new computer can be especially overwhelming. There are so many factors to be considered when buying a new computer.
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Starting with a silly and inventive opening that even showed Tim Cook (an almost convincing actor of course) getting out of a Delorean, the Apple Keynote at the WWDC21 (Worldwide Developers Conference 2021), the 32nd annual computer conference, was nothing short of exciting.
Because Apple’s new product releases tend to be announced during the Fall WWDCs, this Apple keynote did not announce any exciting new products or gadgets to be bought; instead the June 2021 Apple keynote focused on the new iOS, iPadOS, watchOS, and macOS, as well as the new features, apps, and app changes that correspond to these updates.
While there are no fun, new Apple products to announce, I am excited to say, it didn’t make this Apple keynote any less awesome for Apple users. There are plenty of new features to be released that will have you all pumped about your Apple products and their new capabilities.
I have been watching the Apple Keynotes, eagerly awaiting their new product launches, and working with Apple products for years. Some of the new features announced at the WWDC21, are this Apple enthusiast’s most anticipated Apple features of all time. So, to put it simply, Apple’s keynote at the WWDC21 has my stamp of approval, even if a few of these updated features are long overdue. Let’s get into it!
Note: Not every new Apple feature is listed in this article. The purpose of this article is to give you an easy-to-read version of an otherwise long event, since I know not everyone has two hours on a Monday to watch the Apple Keynote.*
Apple’s goal with iOS 15 was to help Apple users stay connected, find more focus, use intelligence, and explore the world. With iOS 15, Apple has gone above and beyond with more streamlined features to make using your iOS products more enjoyable than ever before.
While a few of these features (check out the new and greatly improved FaceTime features specifically) are long overdue, I am still happy they’ve been released in 2021 and excited to use them, even if I do think Apple should have released them long, long ago.
Apple calls the new FaceTime, “more natural, comfortable, and lifelike,” with spatial audio to make calls feel more realistic, as if your friends or family were right next to you. FaceTime with iOS 15 includes wide-spectrum sound as well as the following features:
Working remotely is hard. Those of you who weren’t remote before the pandemic, unfortunately, learned just how challenging it can be along with dealing with a pandemic. Apple had this in mind with iOS 15, intending to help work/life balance and help iOS users “be in the moment.”
Apple announced iPadOS 15 stating their goal is to make iPadOS “even more capable and more intuitive” for Apple users. Truth is, what we really wanted was a multiuser function for iPad, so that every member in our family can use the same iPad with their own data and preferences. While we didn’t get that, I’d say some of the features were still pretty cool. Is it more capable and intuitive? You be the judge and let us know in the comments below!
With iPadOS 15, you can now translate on iPad.
We all know Privacy is a big deal with Apple. It’s something they continuously talk about each and every WWDC. Sometimes, they are concerned about privacy to a fault, making processes like account recovery harder than any password reset should ever be.
Luckily, Apple has made some much-needed improvements to, as they say, “keep your personal data under your control.” Check it out!
Marketing emails use invisible pixels to track information about your mail activity. Apple gently reminded all of us at the WWDC21, that we are being tracked without our knowledge or permission. Their goal is to give you “transparency and control over your information” with these new features:
You can see what apps have accessed your information, when they are accessing what information (last seven days), and who your data may be shared with on 3rd party domains.
This is probably the biggest announcement of the WWDC21 guys, don’t miss it:
Upgrade from iCloud to “protect your privacy online” and still maintain your storage pan with iCloud.
Best part? The same prices that are currently offered with iCloud+ that have been offered with previous iCloud storage plans.
Apple states they have thought of “ingenious ways to push things forward” with iOS 15, iPadOS 15, the new watchOS, and the new macOs. Check out the new Health highlights below:
Medical jargon can be confusing, so The Corrie App is meant to demystify and inform patients with heart problems. It’s said to have “reduced hospital readmissions by 52%.”
To better monitor your health, Apple created a few new Health app features.
Get insight in long-term changes (sleep, glucose, etc).
watchOS 8 is really all about health this year (2021). With new apps for working out and being mindful, no doubt Apple Watch users will be more active and fit than ever. Apple also made messages easier to use, which, let’s face it, we’ve all been needing since the first Apple Watch came out!
macOS Monterey is “focused on helping you do even more” work “fluidly across all devices” by way of continuity and consideration of your iOS and iPadOS products. Along with all the changes made in iOS and iPadOS, macOS Monterey will include the following:
“Get more done. Faster” with Shortcuts on mac.
Apple is going to take a deep dive into developer tech later on in the WWDC21, but, lucky for us, they also gave us a little sneak peek. Check it out below and let us know what you think in the comments!
More will be shared this week at the WWDC21 about this exciting new feature!
Check out the Apple Keynote at the WWDC21 here:
If you know the difference between internal and iCloud storage, and have determined you are having an issue with your iCloud storage versus your iPhone’s internal storage, then the next step is to fix your iCloud storage issue. This can be a bit overwhelming, especially if you have a lot of data in iCloud, or aren’t sure where to start. Clearing up your iCloud storage does come with a couple of extra complications you don’t see when freeing up your iPhone’s internal storage, but the process is fairly similar. In this guide, I will cover how to clear up iCloud storage, what options are available or best for making that process as easy as possible, and what to do to prevent full or close to capacity iCloud storage in the future.
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Human beings have needed fortification for the whole length of their history. In the beginning, the natural formations of rock and wood played the role of shelter, to be built upon and improved in later eons and across countless generations. Forts and fortifications from once-mighty civilizations have changed hands and been added to throughout the centuries, providing a timeline for the great bastions of the ancient ages in the very working of earth and stone.
As time rolled inexorably on, so to did humanity’s pursuit of settled lands rather than nomadic trails, and those settled lands required defenses. As the nature of conflict between the settled areas of the world altered, and as weaponry advanced and shifted in form, the nature of those defenses changed as well. Earth forts were replaced by tall castle walls, only to be replaced again by trenches during the First World War.
Castles, as we think of them in the West, often have a medieval fairytale aesthetic, which stems from mythology more than a practical understanding of what these great fortifications were and how they were used. The very concept of “castle” has entered our mythic consciousness, building on the ancient roots of our fortified civilizations through the ages, and carrying with it both an aesthetic and an emotional resonance that is impossible to ignore.
What’s the difference between all of these things anyway? What makes a castle different from a fort, or a fort different from a citadel?
From the Latin word castellum we find the root of the word Castle. In Roman times, these were generally small fortified fortlets or watchtowers, but during the Middle Ages in Europe “castle” specifically referred to a residence for nobility. Castles came in various styles and forms, with many Japanese castles dotting the landscape during the Japanese Middle Ages. Generally, we can think of castles as “fortified homes” for nobility.
“Palace” doesn’t actually refer to anything specific, since it could mean anything from residence for an important figure to a central place of State governance.
Forts, are defensive military constructs. These have been built throughout history, and at times may have been built in conjunction with some form of greater settlement. Generally, they were military installations, designed to house soldiers and provide for the defense of a region. Modern “star forts”, for instance, became popular constructs with the growing usage of gunpowder weapons and can be found dotting much of Europe’s countryside.
Citadel refers to the fortified center of a town or a city, and in this way, it could be a fortress or castle, or any sort of fortified installation. Even the word itself is a diminutive of the word for city, literally meaning “little city.”
Established: 3000 BCE
Location: Aleppo, Syria
Can I visit?: Probably not anytime soon though tourism is a traditionally major draw for the city in times of peace.
Aleppo is one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world, perhaps as far back as the sixth millennium BCE. A jewel of the Middle East, Aleppo has survived wars, famines, Roman and Greek invasions, and modern conflicts, the city was once the largest in Syria before the civil war of the 2010s damaged the infrastructure and saw most of the population turned to refugees.
The first structures built on the Citadel hill go back to the 3rd millennium BCE with the ruins of a temple to the storm-god Hadad, and the surrounding city was later known as the “City of Hadad.” It was only after the conquest of Aleppo by Alexander the Great that the true fortification of the Citadel hill began under the rule of the Greek general Seleucus I Nicator, who took control of a splinter of the Greek empire after Alexander’s death.
The Citadel has been damaged many times throughout its long history, including when the Mongols invaded in the late 1200s, and again in the 1400s. Though its most recent damage was sustained in the Syrian Civil War, history suggests that this will just become another moment in this ancient wonder’s long lineage.
Established: 600 BCE
Location: Dorset, England
Can I visit?: Yes! Free entry is permitted.
Ancient Celtic peoples lived and grew crops in the area as far back as the Bronze Age, around 1800 BCE. The fortifications of Maiden Castle were built around 600 BCE during a time where a great many such Iron Age hill forts were being constructed. Further development of the site greatly expanded the site of the fort until it was the largest in Britain, perhaps in all of Europe. Ramparts and ditches were added, increasing the complexity of the fort’s defenses.
The sites of antiquity have inspired artists from all backgrounds and cultures. There is something uniquely vibrant in the immense sense of time and the sense of communion with peoples who have come before; communion with the ancients has often been a powerful condition for the arrival of an artistic Muse. In this case, John Ireland, an English composer, took inspiration from the site of Maiden Castle and composed Mai-Dun, which in British Celtic means “great hill.” It’s considered one of his great works.
Established: 1st century BCE
Location: Taoping District, Li County
Can I visit?: Yes! The modern reconstructed village is connected to the remnants of the original and is a strong tourist center.
One of the most interesting fortified dwellings in this part of Asia, the Qiang building style heavily relied on stone, making for structures that could last a long time and proved of interest to various military leaders interested in defensible positions. Originally, these fortress villages were composed of between 30 and 100 households and would be clustered together in a small geographic area. The design construction is a unique and aesthetic blend of stone layering, featuring multiple stories and with the buildings often connected by a system of tunnel-like passages that helped connect the households and provide additional defense.
There’s a long and harrowing history to the hardy people now bearing the name “Qiang” (they refer to themselves as “Rma”), not the least for the massive devastation that took place during the 2008 earthquake when as many as 30,000 Qiang were killed. Modern approaches to tourism have been an interesting issue as well since the preservation of the historic elements has sometimes come at the cost of the modern residents being relocated. Despite their troubles, the Qiang maintain many of their traditional customs, with the sheer diversity of different groups of Qiang creating a vibrant mix of clothing styles and foods.
Established: 2nd century BCE / 12th century CE
Location: Edinburgh, Scotland
Can I visit?: Yes! The Castle is one of the most famous in Europe and a massive tourist draw and is considered the best feature of the Edinburgh skyline.
Iron Age settlers inhabited Castle Rock, where the castle now rests, and it possibly served as a settlement and hill fort of the Celtic Briton people known as the Votadini, and also possibly for later Scottish tribes. Then, in the epic Welsh poem “Y Gododdin,” a reference to the “stronghold of Eidyn” appears, which is generally assumed to refer to Castle Rock, and suggests that some fortification existed there during this time.
It would not be until the 14th-century account of an 11th-century tragic tale involving Saint Margaret. Over the next several centuries, Edinburgh Castle would play a prominent role in Scotland’s history, including its resistance to English invasion and the Wars of Scottish Independence, with the final military conflicts involving the Castle taking place in 1745 during the second Jacobite rising.
Edinburgh Castle served as a prison at several points during its later history, with its vaults converted to hold prisoners from a number of wars (including the American War of Independence). It also held prisoners during both of the World Wars.
Established: 4th Century BCE
Location: Anamur district, Mersin Province, Turkey
Can I visit?:
Built on the remains of the Roman city of Ryg Monai, Mamure Castle is one of the largest and best-protected castles in Turkey, with parts of the modern castle being originally built upon the ruins of the ancient Roman castle that once dominated the same land. In the 11th century CE, the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia rebuilt the fortification as a method of defending against pirates, and it would be later maintained by the Byzantine Empire.
When Turkish forces captured the castle in 1221, they restored it and expanded its fortifications. Several more times throughout the centuries, the castle was attacked, destroyed, and rebuilt, until during the reign of the Ottoman Empire it was repaired further and maintained consistently, even used for a time as a caravanserai.
Established: 8th Century CE or earlier
Location: Rajasthan, India
Can I visit?: Yes! It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
One of the most defining features of this ancient fortification is the massive natural water catchment which has a total storage capacity of around 4 billion liters- enough to provide an army of 50,000. Over the centuries, the fort changed hands several times, with one of the greatest battles taking place in the 16th century where the fort’s defenders were defeated and a large portion of the city’s population is believed to have committed suicide rather than submit to the degradations of surrender.
One legend about the origin of the fort says that the ancient hero Bhima, who was imbued with great strength by the semi-divine Nāgas people, struck the ground where the fort is, and so caused a crack to form in the earth out of which came a spring of water which would feed the reservoir.
Established: 870 CE
Location: Prague, Czech Republic
Can I visit?: Absolutely! Prague Castle is a major tourist attraction. Even more excitingly, if you can’t visit right away in person, you can take the virtual tour!
The history of Prague Castle is one of continual growth, expansion, and renewal, a history that has seen it become the largest coherent castle complex in the world. It all began with the Church of the Virgin Mary, followed by the Basilica of Saint George and St. Vitus. In the 14th century, vast improvements to the fortification and living spaces were made, with a heavy influence of gothic-style architecture. Throughout the following three centuries, mainly due to damage from fires, the castle was rebuilt and refurbished several times, taking on elements of different styles from each age.
After the Nazis forced then-Czechoslovakia to accept Nazi rule, Reinhard Heydrich (one of the worst criminals and vilest figures of the Nazi regime) took over the role of Reich Protector of Bohemia and Moravia. A popular myth describes how he took the ancient Bohemian crown from its resting place in Prague Castle and placed it on his head, thereby activating an ancient curse. The curse, so the legend goes, says that any usurper who wears the crown shall die within a year, as shall his heir within a year following. Within one year, Heydrich was assassinated, and before the next was up his son and heir died as well in a traffic accident, thereby fulfilling the promise of legend.
Established: 9th Century CE
Location: Wierschem, Germany
Can I visit?: Yes! Seasonally, April to October.
Eltz Castle started out as a manor home, Platteltz, that grew from a defensive earthen palisade into a fortified keep; by 1157 it was considered an important fortress along the Holy Roman trade route. Due to laws of inheritance at the time, the Castle was (and still is) owned by three different families, with two sections open to the public and one still reserved for the Kempenich family.
While many prominent castles have been sacked, destroyed, and rebuilt through the ages, Eltz Castle has the distinction of never having been laid low through siege. The one time that Eltz Castle was put to siege when the lords of Eltzer and other free imperial knights of the Holy Roman Empire opposed an attempt by the Archbishop of Trier to reincorporate their holdings into the local administrative district and suborn them to centralized control. When the free knights resisted, Eltz Castle was bombarded by catapults, but by around 1337 the feud ended with the Archbishop’s successful bid to bring the knights under centralized control. He returned control of the local lands to the knights, but only as recognized vassals, no longer free.
Despite the bombardment, Eltz Castle stood strong, and today it has been fully restored, maintaining an incredible collection of different eras within its design.
Established: 10th century CE
Location: Baños de la Encina, Spain
Can I visit?: Yes! Tourism is a major economic sector in Spain.
This region of Spain has been recognized by UNESCO as especially important due to the impressive number of standing castles that dominate the countryside. Due to the strategic value of this region during the Middle Ages, when tensions between Islamic and Christian countries were at a feverish high, fortifications sprouted as if grown from the very ground itself.
Burgalimar Castle is remarkably well-preserved for its age, with its stunning towers and battlements retaining their original caliphal design. Despite some damage during the Peninsular War, it has remained intact, a true monument to the ages.
The hill on which Burgalimar Castle rests shows signs of inhabitation from Roman and pre-Roman times, with a clear indication of inhabitation by the early Celtic people of the region. During the 12th century, control of this region passed back and forth several times between the Caliphate and Christian forces, before definitively falling under Castilian control in 1225. The last modifications were made in the 15th century when one of its fourteen towers received improvements.
Established: 1068 CE
Location: Warwickshire, England
Can I visit?: Yes! Warwick Castle is a major tourism site.
Placed in the strategically important position, Warwick Castle actually stands on the site of an older Anglo-Saxon burh – a defensive fort — built over a hundred years earlier in 914. It was William the Conqueror who built the original motte-and-bailey castle after the Norman conquest of England since the castle’s location made it an important defense against a Midland rebellion. The motte-and-bailey construction was replaced in the mid-12th century by stone castle keep, and further extensive refortification took place in the 14th century as well.
One of the world’s largest, fully-functional siege engines, a 59-foot tall trebuchet made from over 300 pieces of oak and a reproduction built using the expertise of the Danish living history museum Middelaldercentret. It remains one of the castle’s greatest attractions as well as laying claim to being the most siege engine of its type.
Established: Around 1100 CE
Location: Cochem, Germany
Can I visit?: Yes! There are guided tours, meals, and more!
Originally, Cochem Castle perched upon a hill overlooking the Moselle River, a guardian watchtower that collected tolls from trade ships passing along the river. It became an official Reichsburg (Imperial Castle) in 1151 after King Konrad III elected to conclude, once and for all, a dispute about who would inherit the castle by laying siege to it and claiming it directly. The castle was taken by force again in 1282, only to be unceremoniously hocked (along with the entire town) in order to finance the coronation of King Adolf of Nassau. It was pawned a second time when Archbishop Balduin of Luxembourg (its new owner) briefly gave it up (though only for about a year).
In 1688, the French invaded and destroyed the castle (and the surrounding town), and Cochem Castle remained in ruins until a restoration project in the 1800s finally saw it rise to prominence once more. There is a delightfully fairytale air about this ancient castle, owed to the 19th-century fanciful reconstruction, but the charming towers and parapets that now stand tall above the town of Cochem are built upon the sturdy foundations of a thousand years of history.
Established: 10th century CE /16th Century CE
Location: Inuyama, Aichi Prefecture, Japan
Can I visit?: Yes!
Sometime in the 10th century, a Shinto shrine was moved to make way for the building of a fortification on this spot and was destroyed and rebuilt numerous times throughout the following centuries. The current structure was ordered built by Oda Nobukatsu, son of “The Great Unifier” of Japan, Oda Nobunaga, and its “tenshu” or central tower has long been considered the oldest intact tenshu in Japan.
Inuyama Castle featured heavily in a number of conflicts over the centuries, but the castle remained unspoiled until the Mehi era when Aichi Prefecture tore down a number of the outer castle buildings as part of a major reorientation of policy under the new Japanese government. Then, in 1891, the Mino-Owari Earthquake caused further damage. However, instead of letting the castle lay in ruins, Naruse clan was given the task of restoring it, which they did with donations from Inuyama Town.
Established: 11th century CE
Location: Berkshire, England
Can I visit?: Yes, though it is a working royal palace and may be closed on short notice.
After the Normans, led by William the Conqueror, invaded England, the castle was built to protect Norman interests and oversee a vital strategic point along the River Thames. The original motte-and-bailey construction slowly grew over the centuries, its buildings and defenses replaced by stone. Further expansions continued after the 13th century, resulting in one of the most expensive non-religious construction projects of the entire English Middle Ages.
King Edward III was enamored with the idea of chivalric identity, especially with regards to reinforcing English identity and the connection between the English subjects and the nobility (and among the nobility themselves). One of his great projects was to rebuild the order of the Round Table, connecting back to Arthurian mythology. Though his planned restoration of the order never came about, it had been planned to be hosted at Windsor Castle and a new building was even begun to host it (though it was never finished).
Established: 1180 CE
Location: Killyleagh, County Down, Northern Ireland
Can I visit?: Yes! The gate lodges offer self-catering holiday accommodation.
The ambitious Anglo-Norman knight John de Courcy wanted power. Without King Henry II’s permission, he took a small army consisting of around 300 foot-soldiers and 22 knights and drove into the heart of Northern Ireland, coming upon the town of Dún Dá Leathghlas and taking its defenders unawares. After two harrowing battles, he defeated the last King of Ulaid in battle and set about securing for himself a massive section of Ireland. He had numerous castles built, including Killyleagh, in an effort to cement his power and defend against attack.
John de Courcy’s expansion in Ireland angered the English Monarch, and soon de Courcy found himself feuding with William de Lacy, another Norman knight. De Lacy’s son would go on to capture de Courcy, taking him while he went to church on Good Friday. Though he defended himself with the cross pole and killed thirteen of his attackers, he was eventually taken.
Ousted, de Coursey made one vain attempt to return to power, gathering a host of soldiers and striking out to lay siege to Killyleagh Castle. Unfortunately, the very defenses that he himself had put in place proved too strong, and again he was defeated. He died in obscurity and pauperdom.
Established: 1493 CE
Location: Sarzana, Italy
Can I visit?: Yes!
With the increasing use of gunpowder and canon on the battlefield, old methods of fortification were becoming quickly obsolete. Canon could punch through walls and lay them open for invading forces, making the process of constructing defensible bastions far more difficult. The Fortezza di Sarzanello’s unique star shape was an attempt to rid it of angles against which enemy fire could be applied, with a dense design intended to turn aside heavy cannon fire.
The town of Sarzana sits at the mouth of the valley of the river Magra, an area of strategic importance since ancient times. Through the middle ages it changed hands several times, first taken by the city-state Pisa, then Florence, and at one point in the 16th century even owned by a bank, the Banco di S. Giorgio.
Established: 1805
Location: Nord, Haiti
Can I visit?: Yes!
The largest fortified stronghold and the only African-derived military fortification in the western hemisphere. Its immense-size and longevity, as well as its connection to Haiti’s proud history, have made it something of a national icon. The Haitian revolutionary Henri Christophe planned the construction including the citadel as a means of ensuring a powerful line of defense against foreign incursion (most notably the French). Though the French never did return, the citadel has survived numerous earthquakes, standing tall in its long watch through the centuries.
Henri Christophe eventually declared himself king of a portion of northern Haiti and set about building a number of his planned palaces and fortifications. After suffering a stroke in 1820, however, he committed suicide after growing unrest from members of his own military. Loyalists entombed his body in quicklime and placed it beneath the Citadelle ‘s interior courtyard, to ensure that it could not be mutilated by his enemies.
I absolutely love the ability animated shows have of sucking you into an imaginary world.
Human beings have needed fortification for the whole length of their history. In the beginning, the natural formations of rock and wood played the role of shelter, to be built upon and improved in later eons and across countless generations. Forts and fortifications from once-mighty civilizations have changed hands and been added to throughout the centuries, providing a timeline for the great bastions of the ancient ages in the very working of earth and stone.
As time rolled inexorably on, so to did humanity’s pursuit of settled lands rather than nomadic trails, and those settled lands required defenses. As the nature of conflict between the settled areas of the world altered, and as weaponry advanced and shifted in form, the nature of those defenses changed as well. Earth forts were replaced by tall castle walls, only to be replaced again by trenches during the First World War.
Castles, as we think of them in the West, often have a medieval fairytale aesthetic, which stems from mythology more than a practical understanding of what these great fortifications were and how they were used. The very concept of “castle” has entered our mythic consciousness, building on the ancient roots of our fortified civilizations through the ages, and carrying with it both an aesthetic and an emotional resonance that is impossible to ignore.
What’s the difference between all of these things anyway? What makes a castle different from a fort, or a fort different from a citadel?
From the Latin word castellum we find the root of the word Castle. In Roman times, these were generally small fortified fortlets or watchtowers, but during the Middle Ages in Europe “castle” specifically referred to a residence for nobility. Castles came in various styles and forms, with many Japanese castles dotting the landscape during the Japanese Middle Ages. Generally, we can think of castles as “fortified homes” for nobility.
“Palace” doesn’t actually refer to anything specific, since it could mean anything from residence for an important figure to a central place of State governance.
Forts, are defensive military constructs. These have been built throughout history, and at times may have been built in conjunction with some form of greater settlement. Generally, they were military installations, designed to house soldiers and provide for the defense of a region. Modern “star forts”, for instance, became popular constructs with the growing usage of gunpowder weapons and can be found dotting much of Europe’s countryside.
Citadel refers to the fortified center of a town or a city, and in this way, it could be a fortress or castle, or any sort of fortified installation. Even the word itself is a diminutive of the word for city, literally meaning “little city.”
Established: 3000 BCE
Location: Aleppo, Syria
Can I visit?: Probably not anytime soon though tourism is a traditionally major draw for the city in times of peace.
Aleppo is one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world, perhaps as far back as the sixth millennium BCE. A jewel of the Middle East, Aleppo has survived wars, famines, Roman and Greek invasions, and modern conflicts, the city was once the largest in Syria before the civil war of the 2010s damaged the infrastructure and saw most of the population turned to refugees.
The first structures built on the Citadel hill go back to the 3rd millennium BCE with the ruins of a temple to the storm-god Hadad, and the surrounding city was later known as the “City of Hadad.” It was only after the conquest of Aleppo by Alexander the Great that the true fortification of the Citadel hill began under the rule of the Greek general Seleucus I Nicator, who took control of a splinter of the Greek empire after Alexander’s death.
The Citadel has been damaged many times throughout its long history, including when the Mongols invaded in the late 1200s, and again in the 1400s. Though its most recent damage was sustained in the Syrian Civil War, history suggests that this will just become another moment in this ancient wonder’s long lineage.
Established: 600 BCE
Location: Dorset, England
Can I visit?: Yes! Free entry is permitted.
Ancient Celtic peoples lived and grew crops in the area as far back as the Bronze Age, around 1800 BCE. The fortifications of Maiden Castle were built around 600 BCE during a time where a great many such Iron Age hill forts were being constructed. Further development of the site greatly expanded the site of the fort until it was the largest in Britain, perhaps in all of Europe. Ramparts and ditches were added, increasing the complexity of the fort’s defenses.
The sites of antiquity have inspired artists from all backgrounds and cultures. There is something uniquely vibrant in the immense sense of time and the sense of communion with peoples who have come before; communion with the ancients has often been a powerful condition for the arrival of an artistic Muse. In this case, John Ireland, an English composer, took inspiration from the site of Maiden Castle and composed Mai-Dun, which in British Celtic means “great hill.” It’s considered one of his great works.
Established: 1st century BCE
Location: Taoping District, Li County
Can I visit?: Yes! The modern reconstructed village is connected to the remnants of the original and is a strong tourist center.
One of the most interesting fortified dwellings in this part of Asia, the Qiang building style heavily relied on stone, making for structures that could last a long time and proved of interest to various military leaders interested in defensible positions. Originally, these fortress villages were composed of between 30 and 100 households and would be clustered together in a small geographic area. The design construction is a unique and aesthetic blend of stone layering, featuring multiple stories and with the buildings often connected by a system of tunnel-like passages that helped connect the households and provide additional defense.
There’s a long and harrowing history to the hardy people now bearing the name “Qiang” (they refer to themselves as “Rma”), not the least for the massive devastation that took place during the 2008 earthquake when as many as 30,000 Qiang were killed. Modern approaches to tourism have been an interesting issue as well since the preservation of the historic elements has sometimes come at the cost of the modern residents being relocated. Despite their troubles, the Qiang maintain many of their traditional customs, with the sheer diversity of different groups of Qiang creating a vibrant mix of clothing styles and foods.
Established: 2nd century BCE / 12th century CE
Location: Edinburgh, Scotland
Can I visit?: Yes! The Castle is one of the most famous in Europe and a massive tourist draw and is considered the best feature of the Edinburgh skyline.
Iron Age settlers inhabited Castle Rock, where the castle now rests, and it possibly served as a settlement and hill fort of the Celtic Briton people known as the Votadini, and also possibly for later Scottish tribes. Then, in the epic Welsh poem “Y Gododdin,” a reference to the “stronghold of Eidyn” appears, which is generally assumed to refer to Castle Rock, and suggests that some fortification existed there during this time.
It would not be until the 14th-century account of an 11th-century tragic tale involving Saint Margaret. Over the next several centuries, Edinburgh Castle would play a prominent role in Scotland’s history, including its resistance to English invasion and the Wars of Scottish Independence, with the final military conflicts involving the Castle taking place in 1745 during the second Jacobite rising.
Edinburgh Castle served as a prison at several points during its later history, with its vaults converted to hold prisoners from a number of wars (including the American War of Independence). It also held prisoners during both of the World Wars.
Established: 4th Century BCE
Location: Anamur district, Mersin Province, Turkey
Can I visit?:
Built on the remains of the Roman city of Ryg Monai, Mamure Castle is one of the largest and best-protected castles in Turkey, with parts of the modern castle being originally built upon the ruins of the ancient Roman castle that once dominated the same land. In the 11th century CE, the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia rebuilt the fortification as a method of defending against pirates, and it would be later maintained by the Byzantine Empire.
When Turkish forces captured the castle in 1221, they restored it and expanded its fortifications. Several more times throughout the centuries, the castle was attacked, destroyed, and rebuilt, until during the reign of the Ottoman Empire it was repaired further and maintained consistently, even used for a time as a caravanserai.
Established: 8th Century CE or earlier
Location: Rajasthan, India
Can I visit?: Yes! It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
One of the most defining features of this ancient fortification is the massive natural water catchment which has a total storage capacity of around 4 billion liters- enough to provide an army of 50,000. Over the centuries, the fort changed hands several times, with one of the greatest battles taking place in the 16th century where the fort’s defenders were defeated and a large portion of the city’s population is believed to have committed suicide rather than submit to the degradations of surrender.
One legend about the origin of the fort says that the ancient hero Bhima, who was imbued with great strength by the semi-divine Nāgas people, struck the ground where the fort is, and so caused a crack to form in the earth out of which came a spring of water which would feed the reservoir.
Established: 870 CE
Location: Prague, Czech Republic
Can I visit?: Absolutely! Prague Castle is a major tourist attraction. Even more excitingly, if you can’t visit right away in person, you can take the virtual tour!
The history of Prague Castle is one of continual growth, expansion, and renewal, a history that has seen it become the largest coherent castle complex in the world. It all began with the Church of the Virgin Mary, followed by the Basilica of Saint George and St. Vitus. In the 14th century, vast improvements to the fortification and living spaces were made, with a heavy influence of gothic-style architecture. Throughout the following three centuries, mainly due to damage from fires, the castle was rebuilt and refurbished several times, taking on elements of different styles from each age.
After the Nazis forced then-Czechoslovakia to accept Nazi rule, Reinhard Heydrich (one of the worst criminals and vilest figures of the Nazi regime) took over the role of Reich Protector of Bohemia and Moravia. A popular myth describes how he took the ancient Bohemian crown from its resting place in Prague Castle and placed it on his head, thereby activating an ancient curse. The curse, so the legend goes, says that any usurper who wears the crown shall die within a year, as shall his heir within a year following. Within one year, Heydrich was assassinated, and before the next was up his son and heir died as well in a traffic accident, thereby fulfilling the promise of legend.
Established: 9th Century CE
Location: Wierschem, Germany
Can I visit?: Yes! Seasonally, April to October.
Eltz Castle started out as a manor home, Platteltz, that grew from a defensive earthen palisade into a fortified keep; by 1157 it was considered an important fortress along the Holy Roman trade route. Due to laws of inheritance at the time, the Castle was (and still is) owned by three different families, with two sections open to the public and one still reserved for the Kempenich family.
While many prominent castles have been sacked, destroyed, and rebuilt through the ages, Eltz Castle has the distinction of never having been laid low through siege. The one time that Eltz Castle was put to siege when the lords of Eltzer and other free imperial knights of the Holy Roman Empire opposed an attempt by the Archbishop of Trier to reincorporate their holdings into the local administrative district and suborn them to centralized control. When the free knights resisted, Eltz Castle was bombarded by catapults, but by around 1337 the feud ended with the Archbishop’s successful bid to bring the knights under centralized control. He returned control of the local lands to the knights, but only as recognized vassals, no longer free.
Despite the bombardment, Eltz Castle stood strong, and today it has been fully restored, maintaining an incredible collection of different eras within its design.
Established: 10th century CE
Location: Baños de la Encina, Spain
Can I visit?: Yes! Tourism is a major economic sector in Spain.
This region of Spain has been recognized by UNESCO as especially important due to the impressive number of standing castles that dominate the countryside. Due to the strategic value of this region during the Middle Ages, when tensions between Islamic and Christian countries were at a feverish high, fortifications sprouted as if grown from the very ground itself.
Burgalimar Castle is remarkably well-preserved for its age, with its stunning towers and battlements retaining their original caliphal design. Despite some damage during the Peninsular War, it has remained intact, a true monument to the ages.
The hill on which Burgalimar Castle rests shows signs of inhabitation from Roman and pre-Roman times, with a clear indication of inhabitation by the early Celtic people of the region. During the 12th century, control of this region passed back and forth several times between the Caliphate and Christian forces, before definitively falling under Castilian control in 1225. The last modifications were made in the 15th century when one of its fourteen towers received improvements.
Established: 1068 CE
Location: Warwickshire, England
Can I visit?: Yes! Warwick Castle is a major tourism site.
Placed in the strategically important position, Warwick Castle actually stands on the site of an older Anglo-Saxon burh – a defensive fort — built over a hundred years earlier in 914. It was William the Conqueror who built the original motte-and-bailey castle after the Norman conquest of England since the castle’s location made it an important defense against a Midland rebellion. The motte-and-bailey construction was replaced in the mid-12th century by stone castle keep, and further extensive refortification took place in the 14th century as well.
One of the world’s largest, fully-functional siege engines, a 59-foot tall trebuchet made from over 300 pieces of oak and a reproduction built using the expertise of the Danish living history museum Middelaldercentret. It remains one of the castle’s greatest attractions as well as laying claim to being the most siege engine of its type.
Established: Around 1100 CE
Location: Cochem, Germany
Can I visit?: Yes! There are guided tours, meals, and more!
Originally, Cochem Castle perched upon a hill overlooking the Moselle River, a guardian watchtower that collected tolls from trade ships passing along the river. It became an official Reichsburg (Imperial Castle) in 1151 after King Konrad III elected to conclude, once and for all, a dispute about who would inherit the castle by laying siege to it and claiming it directly. The castle was taken by force again in 1282, only to be unceremoniously hocked (along with the entire town) in order to finance the coronation of King Adolf of Nassau. It was pawned a second time when Archbishop Balduin of Luxembourg (its new owner) briefly gave it up (though only for about a year).
In 1688, the French invaded and destroyed the castle (and the surrounding town), and Cochem Castle remained in ruins until a restoration project in the 1800s finally saw it rise to prominence once more. There is a delightfully fairytale air about this ancient castle, owed to the 19th-century fanciful reconstruction, but the charming towers and parapets that now stand tall above the town of Cochem are built upon the sturdy foundations of a thousand years of history.
Established: 10th century CE /16th Century CE
Location: Inuyama, Aichi Prefecture, Japan
Can I visit?: Yes!
Sometime in the 10th century, a Shinto shrine was moved to make way for the building of a fortification on this spot and was destroyed and rebuilt numerous times throughout the following centuries. The current structure was ordered built by Oda Nobukatsu, son of “The Great Unifier” of Japan, Oda Nobunaga, and its “tenshu” or central tower has long been considered the oldest intact tenshu in Japan.
Inuyama Castle featured heavily in a number of conflicts over the centuries, but the castle remained unspoiled until the Mehi era when Aichi Prefecture tore down a number of the outer castle buildings as part of a major reorientation of policy under the new Japanese government. Then, in 1891, the Mino-Owari Earthquake caused further damage. However, instead of letting the castle lay in ruins, Naruse clan was given the task of restoring it, which they did with donations from Inuyama Town.
Established: 11th century CE
Location: Berkshire, England
Can I visit?: Yes, though it is a working royal palace and may be closed on short notice.
After the Normans, led by William the Conqueror, invaded England, the castle was built to protect Norman interests and oversee a vital strategic point along the River Thames. The original motte-and-bailey construction slowly grew over the centuries, its buildings and defenses replaced by stone. Further expansions continued after the 13th century, resulting in one of the most expensive non-religious construction projects of the entire English Middle Ages.
King Edward III was enamored with the idea of chivalric identity, especially with regards to reinforcing English identity and the connection between the English subjects and the nobility (and among the nobility themselves). One of his great projects was to rebuild the order of the Round Table, connecting back to Arthurian mythology. Though his planned restoration of the order never came about, it had been planned to be hosted at Windsor Castle and a new building was even begun to host it (though it was never finished).
Established: 1180 CE
Location: Killyleagh, County Down, Northern Ireland
Can I visit?: Yes! The gate lodges offer self-catering holiday accommodation.
The ambitious Anglo-Norman knight John de Courcy wanted power. Without King Henry II’s permission, he took a small army consisting of around 300 foot-soldiers and 22 knights and drove into the heart of Northern Ireland, coming upon the town of Dún Dá Leathghlas and taking its defenders unawares. After two harrowing battles, he defeated the last King of Ulaid in battle and set about securing for himself a massive section of Ireland. He had numerous castles built, including Killyleagh, in an effort to cement his power and defend against attack.
John de Courcy’s expansion in Ireland angered the English Monarch, and soon de Courcy found himself feuding with William de Lacy, another Norman knight. De Lacy’s son would go on to capture de Courcy, taking him while he went to church on Good Friday. Though he defended himself with the cross pole and killed thirteen of his attackers, he was eventually taken.
Ousted, de Coursey made one vain attempt to return to power, gathering a host of soldiers and striking out to lay siege to Killyleagh Castle. Unfortunately, the very defenses that he himself had put in place proved too strong, and again he was defeated. He died in obscurity and pauperdom.
Established: 1493 CE
Location: Sarzana, Italy
Can I visit?: Yes!
With the increasing use of gunpowder and canon on the battlefield, old methods of fortification were becoming quickly obsolete. Canon could punch through walls and lay them open for invading forces, making the process of constructing defensible bastions far more difficult. The Fortezza di Sarzanello’s unique star shape was an attempt to rid it of angles against which enemy fire could be applied, with a dense design intended to turn aside heavy cannon fire.
The town of Sarzana sits at the mouth of the valley of the river Magra, an area of strategic importance since ancient times. Through the middle ages it changed hands several times, first taken by the city-state Pisa, then Florence, and at one point in the 16th century even owned by a bank, the Banco di S. Giorgio.
Established: 1805
Location: Nord, Haiti
Can I visit?: Yes!
The largest fortified stronghold and the only African-derived military fortification in the western hemisphere. Its immense-size and longevity, as well as its connection to Haiti’s proud history, have made it something of a national icon. The Haitian revolutionary Henri Christophe planned the construction including the citadel as a means of ensuring a powerful line of defense against foreign incursion (most notably the French). Though the French never did return, the citadel has survived numerous earthquakes, standing tall in its long watch through the centuries.
Henri Christophe eventually declared himself king of a portion of northern Haiti and set about building a number of his planned palaces and fortifications. After suffering a stroke in 1820, however, he committed suicide after growing unrest from members of his own military. Loyalists entombed his body in quicklime and placed it beneath the Citadelle ‘s interior courtyard, to ensure that it could not be mutilated by his enemies.
I absolutely love the ability animated shows have of sucking you into an imaginary world.
Human beings have needed fortification for the whole length of their history. In the beginning, the natural formations of rock and wood played the role of shelter, to be built upon and improved in later eons and across countless generations. Forts and fortifications from once-mighty civilizations have changed hands and been added to throughout the centuries, providing a timeline for the great bastions of the ancient ages in the very working of earth and stone.
As time rolled inexorably on, so to did humanity’s pursuit of settled lands rather than nomadic trails, and those settled lands required defenses. As the nature of conflict between the settled areas of the world altered, and as weaponry advanced and shifted in form, the nature of those defenses changed as well. Earth forts were replaced by tall castle walls, only to be replaced again by trenches during the First World War.
Castles, as we think of them in the West, often have a medieval fairytale aesthetic, which stems from mythology more than a practical understanding of what these great fortifications were and how they were used. The very concept of “castle” has entered our mythic consciousness, building on the ancient roots of our fortified civilizations through the ages, and carrying with it both an aesthetic and an emotional resonance that is impossible to ignore.
What’s the difference between all of these things anyway? What makes a castle different from a fort, or a fort different from a citadel?
From the Latin word castellum we find the root of the word Castle. In Roman times, these were generally small fortified fortlets or watchtowers, but during the Middle Ages in Europe “castle” specifically referred to a residence for nobility. Castles came in various styles and forms, with many Japanese castles dotting the landscape during the Japanese Middle Ages. Generally, we can think of castles as “fortified homes” for nobility.
“Palace” doesn’t actually refer to anything specific, since it could mean anything from residence for an important figure to a central place of State governance.
Forts, are defensive military constructs. These have been built throughout history, and at times may have been built in conjunction with some form of greater settlement. Generally, they were military installations, designed to house soldiers and provide for the defense of a region. Modern “star forts”, for instance, became popular constructs with the growing usage of gunpowder weapons and can be found dotting much of Europe’s countryside.
Citadel refers to the fortified center of a town or a city, and in this way, it could be a fortress or castle, or any sort of fortified installation. Even the word itself is a diminutive of the word for city, literally meaning “little city.”
Established: 3000 BCE
Location: Aleppo, Syria
Can I visit?: Probably not anytime soon though tourism is a traditionally major draw for the city in times of peace.
Aleppo is one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world, perhaps as far back as the sixth millennium BCE. A jewel of the Middle East, Aleppo has survived wars, famines, Roman and Greek invasions, and modern conflicts, the city was once the largest in Syria before the civil war of the 2010s damaged the infrastructure and saw most of the population turned to refugees.
The first structures built on the Citadel hill go back to the 3rd millennium BCE with the ruins of a temple to the storm-god Hadad, and the surrounding city was later known as the “City of Hadad.” It was only after the conquest of Aleppo by Alexander the Great that the true fortification of the Citadel hill began under the rule of the Greek general Seleucus I Nicator, who took control of a splinter of the Greek empire after Alexander’s death.
The Citadel has been damaged many times throughout its long history, including when the Mongols invaded in the late 1200s, and again in the 1400s. Though its most recent damage was sustained in the Syrian Civil War, history suggests that this will just become another moment in this ancient wonder’s long lineage.
Established: 600 BCE
Location: Dorset, England
Can I visit?: Yes! Free entry is permitted.
Ancient Celtic peoples lived and grew crops in the area as far back as the Bronze Age, around 1800 BCE. The fortifications of Maiden Castle were built around 600 BCE during a time where a great many such Iron Age hill forts were being constructed. Further development of the site greatly expanded the site of the fort until it was the largest in Britain, perhaps in all of Europe. Ramparts and ditches were added, increasing the complexity of the fort’s defenses.
The sites of antiquity have inspired artists from all backgrounds and cultures. There is something uniquely vibrant in the immense sense of time and the sense of communion with peoples who have come before; communion with the ancients has often been a powerful condition for the arrival of an artistic Muse. In this case, John Ireland, an English composer, took inspiration from the site of Maiden Castle and composed Mai-Dun, which in British Celtic means “great hill.” It’s considered one of his great works.
Established: 1st century BCE
Location: Taoping District, Li County
Can I visit?: Yes! The modern reconstructed village is connected to the remnants of the original and is a strong tourist center.
One of the most interesting fortified dwellings in this part of Asia, the Qiang building style heavily relied on stone, making for structures that could last a long time and proved of interest to various military leaders interested in defensible positions. Originally, these fortress villages were composed of between 30 and 100 households and would be clustered together in a small geographic area. The design construction is a unique and aesthetic blend of stone layering, featuring multiple stories and with the buildings often connected by a system of tunnel-like passages that helped connect the households and provide additional defense.
There’s a long and harrowing history to the hardy people now bearing the name “Qiang” (they refer to themselves as “Rma”), not the least for the massive devastation that took place during the 2008 earthquake when as many as 30,000 Qiang were killed. Modern approaches to tourism have been an interesting issue as well since the preservation of the historic elements has sometimes come at the cost of the modern residents being relocated. Despite their troubles, the Qiang maintain many of their traditional customs, with the sheer diversity of different groups of Qiang creating a vibrant mix of clothing styles and foods.
Established: 2nd century BCE / 12th century CE
Location: Edinburgh, Scotland
Can I visit?: Yes! The Castle is one of the most famous in Europe and a massive tourist draw and is considered the best feature of the Edinburgh skyline.
Iron Age settlers inhabited Castle Rock, where the castle now rests, and it possibly served as a settlement and hill fort of the Celtic Briton people known as the Votadini, and also possibly for later Scottish tribes. Then, in the epic Welsh poem “Y Gododdin,” a reference to the “stronghold of Eidyn” appears, which is generally assumed to refer to Castle Rock, and suggests that some fortification existed there during this time.
It would not be until the 14th-century account of an 11th-century tragic tale involving Saint Margaret. Over the next several centuries, Edinburgh Castle would play a prominent role in Scotland’s history, including its resistance to English invasion and the Wars of Scottish Independence, with the final military conflicts involving the Castle taking place in 1745 during the second Jacobite rising.
Edinburgh Castle served as a prison at several points during its later history, with its vaults converted to hold prisoners from a number of wars (including the American War of Independence). It also held prisoners during both of the World Wars.
Established: 4th Century BCE
Location: Anamur district, Mersin Province, Turkey
Can I visit?:
Built on the remains of the Roman city of Ryg Monai, Mamure Castle is one of the largest and best-protected castles in Turkey, with parts of the modern castle being originally built upon the ruins of the ancient Roman castle that once dominated the same land. In the 11th century CE, the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia rebuilt the fortification as a method of defending against pirates, and it would be later maintained by the Byzantine Empire.
When Turkish forces captured the castle in 1221, they restored it and expanded its fortifications. Several more times throughout the centuries, the castle was attacked, destroyed, and rebuilt, until during the reign of the Ottoman Empire it was repaired further and maintained consistently, even used for a time as a caravanserai.
Established: 8th Century CE or earlier
Location: Rajasthan, India
Can I visit?: Yes! It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
One of the most defining features of this ancient fortification is the massive natural water catchment which has a total storage capacity of around 4 billion liters- enough to provide an army of 50,000. Over the centuries, the fort changed hands several times, with one of the greatest battles taking place in the 16th century where the fort’s defenders were defeated and a large portion of the city’s population is believed to have committed suicide rather than submit to the degradations of surrender.
One legend about the origin of the fort says that the ancient hero Bhima, who was imbued with great strength by the semi-divine Nāgas people, struck the ground where the fort is, and so caused a crack to form in the earth out of which came a spring of water which would feed the reservoir.
Established: 870 CE
Location: Prague, Czech Republic
Can I visit?: Absolutely! Prague Castle is a major tourist attraction. Even more excitingly, if you can’t visit right away in person, you can take the virtual tour!
The history of Prague Castle is one of continual growth, expansion, and renewal, a history that has seen it become the largest coherent castle complex in the world. It all began with the Church of the Virgin Mary, followed by the Basilica of Saint George and St. Vitus. In the 14th century, vast improvements to the fortification and living spaces were made, with a heavy influence of gothic-style architecture. Throughout the following three centuries, mainly due to damage from fires, the castle was rebuilt and refurbished several times, taking on elements of different styles from each age.
After the Nazis forced then-Czechoslovakia to accept Nazi rule, Reinhard Heydrich (one of the worst criminals and vilest figures of the Nazi regime) took over the role of Reich Protector of Bohemia and Moravia. A popular myth describes how he took the ancient Bohemian crown from its resting place in Prague Castle and placed it on his head, thereby activating an ancient curse. The curse, so the legend goes, says that any usurper who wears the crown shall die within a year, as shall his heir within a year following. Within one year, Heydrich was assassinated, and before the next was up his son and heir died as well in a traffic accident, thereby fulfilling the promise of legend.
Established: 9th Century CE
Location: Wierschem, Germany
Can I visit?: Yes! Seasonally, April to October.
Eltz Castle started out as a manor home, Platteltz, that grew from a defensive earthen palisade into a fortified keep; by 1157 it was considered an important fortress along the Holy Roman trade route. Due to laws of inheritance at the time, the Castle was (and still is) owned by three different families, with two sections open to the public and one still reserved for the Kempenich family.
While many prominent castles have been sacked, destroyed, and rebuilt through the ages, Eltz Castle has the distinction of never having been laid low through siege. The one time that Eltz Castle was put to siege when the lords of Eltzer and other free imperial knights of the Holy Roman Empire opposed an attempt by the Archbishop of Trier to reincorporate their holdings into the local administrative district and suborn them to centralized control. When the free knights resisted, Eltz Castle was bombarded by catapults, but by around 1337 the feud ended with the Archbishop’s successful bid to bring the knights under centralized control. He returned control of the local lands to the knights, but only as recognized vassals, no longer free.
Despite the bombardment, Eltz Castle stood strong, and today it has been fully restored, maintaining an incredible collection of different eras within its design.
Established: 10th century CE
Location: Baños de la Encina, Spain
Can I visit?: Yes! Tourism is a major economic sector in Spain.
This region of Spain has been recognized by UNESCO as especially important due to the impressive number of standing castles that dominate the countryside. Due to the strategic value of this region during the Middle Ages, when tensions between Islamic and Christian countries were at a feverish high, fortifications sprouted as if grown from the very ground itself.
Burgalimar Castle is remarkably well-preserved for its age, with its stunning towers and battlements retaining their original caliphal design. Despite some damage during the Peninsular War, it has remained intact, a true monument to the ages.
The hill on which Burgalimar Castle rests shows signs of inhabitation from Roman and pre-Roman times, with a clear indication of inhabitation by the early Celtic people of the region. During the 12th century, control of this region passed back and forth several times between the Caliphate and Christian forces, before definitively falling under Castilian control in 1225. The last modifications were made in the 15th century when one of its fourteen towers received improvements.
Established: 1068 CE
Location: Warwickshire, England
Can I visit?: Yes! Warwick Castle is a major tourism site.
Placed in the strategically important position, Warwick Castle actually stands on the site of an older Anglo-Saxon burh – a defensive fort — built over a hundred years earlier in 914. It was William the Conqueror who built the original motte-and-bailey castle after the Norman conquest of England since the castle’s location made it an important defense against a Midland rebellion. The motte-and-bailey construction was replaced in the mid-12th century by stone castle keep, and further extensive refortification took place in the 14th century as well.
One of the world’s largest, fully-functional siege engines, a 59-foot tall trebuchet made from over 300 pieces of oak and a reproduction built using the expertise of the Danish living history museum Middelaldercentret. It remains one of the castle’s greatest attractions as well as laying claim to being the most siege engine of its type.
Established: Around 1100 CE
Location: Cochem, Germany
Can I visit?: Yes! There are guided tours, meals, and more!
Originally, Cochem Castle perched upon a hill overlooking the Moselle River, a guardian watchtower that collected tolls from trade ships passing along the river. It became an official Reichsburg (Imperial Castle) in 1151 after King Konrad III elected to conclude, once and for all, a dispute about who would inherit the castle by laying siege to it and claiming it directly. The castle was taken by force again in 1282, only to be unceremoniously hocked (along with the entire town) in order to finance the coronation of King Adolf of Nassau. It was pawned a second time when Archbishop Balduin of Luxembourg (its new owner) briefly gave it up (though only for about a year).
In 1688, the French invaded and destroyed the castle (and the surrounding town), and Cochem Castle remained in ruins until a restoration project in the 1800s finally saw it rise to prominence once more. There is a delightfully fairytale air about this ancient castle, owed to the 19th-century fanciful reconstruction, but the charming towers and parapets that now stand tall above the town of Cochem are built upon the sturdy foundations of a thousand years of history.
Established: 10th century CE /16th Century CE
Location: Inuyama, Aichi Prefecture, Japan
Can I visit?: Yes!
Sometime in the 10th century, a Shinto shrine was moved to make way for the building of a fortification on this spot and was destroyed and rebuilt numerous times throughout the following centuries. The current structure was ordered built by Oda Nobukatsu, son of “The Great Unifier” of Japan, Oda Nobunaga, and its “tenshu” or central tower has long been considered the oldest intact tenshu in Japan.
Inuyama Castle featured heavily in a number of conflicts over the centuries, but the castle remained unspoiled until the Mehi era when Aichi Prefecture tore down a number of the outer castle buildings as part of a major reorientation of policy under the new Japanese government. Then, in 1891, the Mino-Owari Earthquake caused further damage. However, instead of letting the castle lay in ruins, Naruse clan was given the task of restoring it, which they did with donations from Inuyama Town.
Established: 11th century CE
Location: Berkshire, England
Can I visit?: Yes, though it is a working royal palace and may be closed on short notice.
After the Normans, led by William the Conqueror, invaded England, the castle was built to protect Norman interests and oversee a vital strategic point along the River Thames. The original motte-and-bailey construction slowly grew over the centuries, its buildings and defenses replaced by stone. Further expansions continued after the 13th century, resulting in one of the most expensive non-religious construction projects of the entire English Middle Ages.
King Edward III was enamored with the idea of chivalric identity, especially with regards to reinforcing English identity and the connection between the English subjects and the nobility (and among the nobility themselves). One of his great projects was to rebuild the order of the Round Table, connecting back to Arthurian mythology. Though his planned restoration of the order never came about, it had been planned to be hosted at Windsor Castle and a new building was even begun to host it (though it was never finished).
Established: 1180 CE
Location: Killyleagh, County Down, Northern Ireland
Can I visit?: Yes! The gate lodges offer self-catering holiday accommodation.
The ambitious Anglo-Norman knight John de Courcy wanted power. Without King Henry II’s permission, he took a small army consisting of around 300 foot-soldiers and 22 knights and drove into the heart of Northern Ireland, coming upon the town of Dún Dá Leathghlas and taking its defenders unawares. After two harrowing battles, he defeated the last King of Ulaid in battle and set about securing for himself a massive section of Ireland. He had numerous castles built, including Killyleagh, in an effort to cement his power and defend against attack.
John de Courcy’s expansion in Ireland angered the English Monarch, and soon de Courcy found himself feuding with William de Lacy, another Norman knight. De Lacy’s son would go on to capture de Courcy, taking him while he went to church on Good Friday. Though he defended himself with the cross pole and killed thirteen of his attackers, he was eventually taken.
Ousted, de Coursey made one vain attempt to return to power, gathering a host of soldiers and striking out to lay siege to Killyleagh Castle. Unfortunately, the very defenses that he himself had put in place proved too strong, and again he was defeated. He died in obscurity and pauperdom.
Established: 1493 CE
Location: Sarzana, Italy
Can I visit?: Yes!
With the increasing use of gunpowder and canon on the battlefield, old methods of fortification were becoming quickly obsolete. Canon could punch through walls and lay them open for invading forces, making the process of constructing defensible bastions far more difficult. The Fortezza di Sarzanello’s unique star shape was an attempt to rid it of angles against which enemy fire could be applied, with a dense design intended to turn aside heavy cannon fire.
The town of Sarzana sits at the mouth of the valley of the river Magra, an area of strategic importance since ancient times. Through the middle ages it changed hands several times, first taken by the city-state Pisa, then Florence, and at one point in the 16th century even owned by a bank, the Banco di S. Giorgio.
Established: 1805
Location: Nord, Haiti
Can I visit?: Yes!
The largest fortified stronghold and the only African-derived military fortification in the western hemisphere. Its immense-size and longevity, as well as its connection to Haiti’s proud history, have made it something of a national icon. The Haitian revolutionary Henri Christophe planned the construction including the citadel as a means of ensuring a powerful line of defense against foreign incursion (most notably the French). Though the French never did return, the citadel has survived numerous earthquakes, standing tall in its long watch through the centuries.
Henri Christophe eventually declared himself king of a portion of northern Haiti and set about building a number of his planned palaces and fortifications. After suffering a stroke in 1820, however, he committed suicide after growing unrest from members of his own military. Loyalists entombed his body in quicklime and placed it beneath the Citadelle ‘s interior courtyard, to ensure that it could not be mutilated by his enemies.
I absolutely love the ability animated shows have of sucking you into an imaginary world.
Human beings have needed fortification for the whole length of their history. In the beginning, the natural formations of rock and wood played the role of shelter, to be built upon and improved in later eons and across countless generations. Forts and fortifications from once-mighty civilizations have changed hands and been added to throughout the centuries, providing a timeline for the great bastions of the ancient ages in the very working of earth and stone.
As time rolled inexorably on, so to did humanity’s pursuit of settled lands rather than nomadic trails, and those settled lands required defenses. As the nature of conflict between the settled areas of the world altered, and as weaponry advanced and shifted in form, the nature of those defenses changed as well. Earth forts were replaced by tall castle walls, only to be replaced again by trenches during the First World War.
Castles, as we think of them in the West, often have a medieval fairytale aesthetic, which stems from mythology more than a practical understanding of what these great fortifications were and how they were used. The very concept of “castle” has entered our mythic consciousness, building on the ancient roots of our fortified civilizations through the ages, and carrying with it both an aesthetic and an emotional resonance that is impossible to ignore.
What’s the difference between all of these things anyway? What makes a castle different from a fort, or a fort different from a citadel?
From the Latin word castellum we find the root of the word Castle. In Roman times, these were generally small fortified fortlets or watchtowers, but during the Middle Ages in Europe “castle” specifically referred to a residence for nobility. Castles came in various styles and forms, with many Japanese castles dotting the landscape during the Japanese Middle Ages. Generally, we can think of castles as “fortified homes” for nobility.
“Palace” doesn’t actually refer to anything specific, since it could mean anything from residence for an important figure to a central place of State governance.
Forts, are defensive military constructs. These have been built throughout history, and at times may have been built in conjunction with some form of greater settlement. Generally, they were military installations, designed to house soldiers and provide for the defense of a region. Modern “star forts”, for instance, became popular constructs with the growing usage of gunpowder weapons and can be found dotting much of Europe’s countryside.
Citadel refers to the fortified center of a town or a city, and in this way, it could be a fortress or castle, or any sort of fortified installation. Even the word itself is a diminutive of the word for city, literally meaning “little city.”
Established: 3000 BCE
Location: Aleppo, Syria
Can I visit?: Probably not anytime soon though tourism is a traditionally major draw for the city in times of peace.
Aleppo is one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world, perhaps as far back as the sixth millennium BCE. A jewel of the Middle East, Aleppo has survived wars, famines, Roman and Greek invasions, and modern conflicts, the city was once the largest in Syria before the civil war of the 2010s damaged the infrastructure and saw most of the population turned to refugees.
The first structures built on the Citadel hill go back to the 3rd millennium BCE with the ruins of a temple to the storm-god Hadad, and the surrounding city was later known as the “City of Hadad.” It was only after the conquest of Aleppo by Alexander the Great that the true fortification of the Citadel hill began under the rule of the Greek general Seleucus I Nicator, who took control of a splinter of the Greek empire after Alexander’s death.
The Citadel has been damaged many times throughout its long history, including when the Mongols invaded in the late 1200s, and again in the 1400s. Though its most recent damage was sustained in the Syrian Civil War, history suggests that this will just become another moment in this ancient wonder’s long lineage.
Established: 3000 BCE
Location: Aleppo, Syria
Can I visit?: Probably not anytime soon though tourism is a traditionally major draw for the city in times of peace.
Aleppo is one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world, perhaps as far back as the sixth millennium BCE. A jewel of the Middle East, Aleppo has survived wars, famines, Roman and Greek invasions, and modern conflicts, the city was once the largest in Syria before the civil war of the 2010s damaged the infrastructure and saw most of the population turned to refugees.
The first structures built on the Citadel hill go back to the 3rd millennium BCE with the ruins of a temple to the storm-god Hadad, and the surrounding city was later known as the “City of Hadad.” It was only after the conquest of Aleppo by Alexander the Great that the true fortification of the Citadel hill began under the rule of the Greek general Seleucus I Nicator, who took control of a splinter of the Greek empire after Alexander’s death.
The Citadel has been damaged many times throughout its long history, including when the Mongols invaded in the late 1200s, and again in the 1400s. Though its most recent damage was sustained in the Syrian Civil War, history suggests that this will just become another moment in this ancient wonder’s long lineage.
Established: 600 BCE
Location: Dorset, England
Can I visit?: Yes! Free entry is permitted.
Ancient Celtic peoples lived and grew crops in the area as far back as the Bronze Age, around 1800 BCE. The fortifications of Maiden Castle were built around 600 BCE during a time where a great many such Iron Age hill forts were being constructed. Further development of the site greatly expanded the site of the fort until it was the largest in Britain, perhaps in all of Europe. Ramparts and ditches were added, increasing the complexity of the fort’s defenses.
The sites of antiquity have inspired artists from all backgrounds and cultures. There is something uniquely vibrant in the immense sense of time and the sense of communion with peoples who have come before; communion with the ancients has often been a powerful condition for the arrival of an artistic Muse. In this case, John Ireland, an English composer, took inspiration from the site of Maiden Castle and composed Mai-Dun, which in British Celtic means “great hill.” It’s considered one of his great works.
Established: 600 BCE
Location: Dorset, England
Can I visit?: Yes! Free entry is permitted.
Ancient Celtic peoples lived and grew crops in the area as far back as the Bronze Age, around 1800 BCE. The fortifications of Maiden Castle were built around 600 BCE during a time where a great many such Iron Age hill forts were being constructed. Further development of the site greatly expanded the site of the fort until it was the largest in Britain, perhaps in all of Europe. Ramparts and ditches were added, increasing the complexity of the fort’s defenses.
The sites of antiquity have inspired artists from all backgrounds and cultures. There is something uniquely vibrant in the immense sense of time and the sense of communion with peoples who have come before; communion with the ancients has often been a powerful condition for the arrival of an artistic Muse. In this case, John Ireland, an English composer, took inspiration from the site of Maiden Castle and composed Mai-Dun, which in British Celtic means “great hill.” It’s considered one of his great works.
Established: 1st century BCE
Location: Taoping District, Li County
Can I visit?: Yes! The modern reconstructed village is connected to the remnants of the original and is a strong tourist center.
One of the most interesting fortified dwellings in this part of Asia, the Qiang building style heavily relied on stone, making for structures that could last a long time and proved of interest to various military leaders interested in defensible positions. Originally, these fortress villages were composed of between 30 and 100 households and would be clustered together in a small geographic area. The design construction is a unique and aesthetic blend of stone layering, featuring multiple stories and with the buildings often connected by a system of tunnel-like passages that helped connect the households and provide additional defense.
There’s a long and harrowing history to the hardy people now bearing the name “Qiang” (they refer to themselves as “Rma”), not the least for the massive devastation that took place during the 2008 earthquake when as many as 30,000 Qiang were killed. Modern approaches to tourism have been an interesting issue as well since the preservation of the historic elements has sometimes come at the cost of the modern residents being relocated. Despite their troubles, the Qiang maintain many of their traditional customs, with the sheer diversity of different groups of Qiang creating a vibrant mix of clothing styles and foods.
Established: 1st century BCE
Location: Taoping District, Li County
Can I visit?: Yes! The modern reconstructed village is connected to the remnants of the original and is a strong tourist center.
One of the most interesting fortified dwellings in this part of Asia, the Qiang building style heavily relied on stone, making for structures that could last a long time and proved of interest to various military leaders interested in defensible positions. Originally, these fortress villages were composed of between 30 and 100 households and would be clustered together in a small geographic area. The design construction is a unique and aesthetic blend of stone layering, featuring multiple stories and with the buildings often connected by a system of tunnel-like passages that helped connect the households and provide additional defense.
There’s a long and harrowing history to the hardy people now bearing the name “Qiang” (they refer to themselves as “Rma”), not the least for the massive devastation that took place during the 2008 earthquake when as many as 30,000 Qiang were killed. Modern approaches to tourism have been an interesting issue as well since the preservation of the historic elements has sometimes come at the cost of the modern residents being relocated. Despite their troubles, the Qiang maintain many of their traditional customs, with the sheer diversity of different groups of Qiang creating a vibrant mix of clothing styles and foods.
Established: 2nd century BCE / 12th century CE
Location: Edinburgh, Scotland
Can I visit?: Yes! The Castle is one of the most famous in Europe and a massive tourist draw and is considered the best feature of the Edinburgh skyline.
Iron Age settlers inhabited Castle Rock, where the castle now rests, and it possibly served as a settlement and hill fort of the Celtic Briton people known as the Votadini, and also possibly for later Scottish tribes. Then, in the epic Welsh poem “Y Gododdin,” a reference to the “stronghold of Eidyn” appears, which is generally assumed to refer to Castle Rock, and suggests that some fortification existed there during this time.
It would not be until the 14th-century account of an 11th-century tragic tale involving Saint Margaret. Over the next several centuries, Edinburgh Castle would play a prominent role in Scotland’s history, including its resistance to English invasion and the Wars of Scottish Independence, with the final military conflicts involving the Castle taking place in 1745 during the second Jacobite rising.
Edinburgh Castle served as a prison at several points during its later history, with its vaults converted to hold prisoners from a number of wars (including the American War of Independence). It also held prisoners during both of the World Wars.
Established: 2nd century BCE / 12th century CE
Location: Edinburgh, Scotland
Can I visit?: Yes! The Castle is one of the most famous in Europe and a massive tourist draw and is considered the best feature of the Edinburgh skyline.
Iron Age settlers inhabited Castle Rock, where the castle now rests, and it possibly served as a settlement and hill fort of the Celtic Briton people known as the Votadini, and also possibly for later Scottish tribes. Then, in the epic Welsh poem “Y Gododdin,” a reference to the “stronghold of Eidyn” appears, which is generally assumed to refer to Castle Rock, and suggests that some fortification existed there during this time.
It would not be until the 14th-century account of an 11th-century tragic tale involving Saint Margaret. Over the next several centuries, Edinburgh Castle would play a prominent role in Scotland’s history, including its resistance to English invasion and the Wars of Scottish Independence, with the final military conflicts involving the Castle taking place in 1745 during the second Jacobite rising.
Edinburgh Castle served as a prison at several points during its later history, with its vaults converted to hold prisoners from a number of wars (including the American War of Independence). It also held prisoners during both of the World Wars.
Established: 4th Century BCE
Location: Anamur district, Mersin Province, Turkey
Can I visit?:
Built on the remains of the Roman city of Ryg Monai, Mamure Castle is one of the largest and best-protected castles in Turkey, with parts of the modern castle being originally built upon the ruins of the ancient Roman castle that once dominated the same land. In the 11th century CE, the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia rebuilt the fortification as a method of defending against pirates, and it would be later maintained by the Byzantine Empire.
When Turkish forces captured the castle in 1221, they restored it and expanded its fortifications. Several more times throughout the centuries, the castle was attacked, destroyed, and rebuilt, until during the reign of the Ottoman Empire it was repaired further and maintained consistently, even used for a time as a caravanserai.
Established: 4th Century BCE
Location: Anamur district, Mersin Province, Turkey
Can I visit?:
Built on the remains of the Roman city of Ryg Monai, Mamure Castle is one of the largest and best-protected castles in Turkey, with parts of the modern castle being originally built upon the ruins of the ancient Roman castle that once dominated the same land. In the 11th century CE, the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia rebuilt the fortification as a method of defending against pirates, and it would be later maintained by the Byzantine Empire.
When Turkish forces captured the castle in 1221, they restored it and expanded its fortifications. Several more times throughout the centuries, the castle was attacked, destroyed, and rebuilt, until during the reign of the Ottoman Empire it was repaired further and maintained consistently, even used for a time as a caravanserai.
Established: 8th Century CE or earlier
Location: Rajasthan, India
Can I visit?: Yes! It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
One of the most defining features of this ancient fortification is the massive natural water catchment which has a total storage capacity of around 4 billion liters- enough to provide an army of 50,000. Over the centuries, the fort changed hands several times, with one of the greatest battles taking place in the 16th century where the fort’s defenders were defeated and a large portion of the city’s population is believed to have committed suicide rather than submit to the degradations of surrender.
One legend about the origin of the fort says that the ancient hero Bhima, who was imbued with great strength by the semi-divine Nāgas people, struck the ground where the fort is, and so caused a crack to form in the earth out of which came a spring of water which would feed the reservoir.
Established: 8th Century CE or earlier
Location: Rajasthan, India
Can I visit?: Yes! It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
One of the most defining features of this ancient fortification is the massive natural water catchment which has a total storage capacity of around 4 billion liters- enough to provide an army of 50,000. Over the centuries, the fort changed hands several times, with one of the greatest battles taking place in the 16th century where the fort’s defenders were defeated and a large portion of the city’s population is believed to have committed suicide rather than submit to the degradations of surrender.
One legend about the origin of the fort says that the ancient hero Bhima, who was imbued with great strength by the semi-divine Nāgas people, struck the ground where the fort is, and so caused a crack to form in the earth out of which came a spring of water which would feed the reservoir.
Established: 870 CE
Location: Prague, Czech Republic
Can I visit?: Absolutely! Prague Castle is a major tourist attraction. Even more excitingly, if you can’t visit right away in person, you can take the virtual tour!
The history of Prague Castle is one of continual growth, expansion, and renewal, a history that has seen it become the largest coherent castle complex in the world. It all began with the Church of the Virgin Mary, followed by the Basilica of Saint George and St. Vitus. In the 14th century, vast improvements to the fortification and living spaces were made, with a heavy influence of gothic-style architecture. Throughout the following three centuries, mainly due to damage from fires, the castle was rebuilt and refurbished several times, taking on elements of different styles from each age.
After the Nazis forced then-Czechoslovakia to accept Nazi rule, Reinhard Heydrich (one of the worst criminals and vilest figures of the Nazi regime) took over the role of Reich Protector of Bohemia and Moravia. A popular myth describes how he took the ancient Bohemian crown from its resting place in Prague Castle and placed it on his head, thereby activating an ancient curse. The curse, so the legend goes, says that any usurper who wears the crown shall die within a year, as shall his heir within a year following. Within one year, Heydrich was assassinated, and before the next was up his son and heir died as well in a traffic accident, thereby fulfilling the promise of legend.
Established: 870 CE
Location: Prague, Czech Republic
Can I visit?: Absolutely! Prague Castle is a major tourist attraction. Even more excitingly, if you can’t visit right away in person, you can take the virtual tour!
The history of Prague Castle is one of continual growth, expansion, and renewal, a history that has seen it become the largest coherent castle complex in the world. It all began with the Church of the Virgin Mary, followed by the Basilica of Saint George and St. Vitus. In the 14th century, vast improvements to the fortification and living spaces were made, with a heavy influence of gothic-style architecture. Throughout the following three centuries, mainly due to damage from fires, the castle was rebuilt and refurbished several times, taking on elements of different styles from each age.
After the Nazis forced then-Czechoslovakia to accept Nazi rule, Reinhard Heydrich (one of the worst criminals and vilest figures of the Nazi regime) took over the role of Reich Protector of Bohemia and Moravia. A popular myth describes how he took the ancient Bohemian crown from its resting place in Prague Castle and placed it on his head, thereby activating an ancient curse. The curse, so the legend goes, says that any usurper who wears the crown shall die within a year, as shall his heir within a year following. Within one year, Heydrich was assassinated, and before the next was up his son and heir died as well in a traffic accident, thereby fulfilling the promise of legend.
Established: 9th Century CE
Location: Wierschem, Germany
Can I visit?: Yes! Seasonally, April to October.
Eltz Castle started out as a manor home, Platteltz, that grew from a defensive earthen palisade into a fortified keep; by 1157 it was considered an important fortress along the Holy Roman trade route. Due to laws of inheritance at the time, the Castle was (and still is) owned by three different families, with two sections open to the public and one still reserved for the Kempenich family.
While many prominent castles have been sacked, destroyed, and rebuilt through the ages, Eltz Castle has the distinction of never having been laid low through siege. The one time that Eltz Castle was put to siege when the lords of Eltzer and other free imperial knights of the Holy Roman Empire opposed an attempt by the Archbishop of Trier to reincorporate their holdings into the local administrative district and suborn them to centralized control. When the free knights resisted, Eltz Castle was bombarded by catapults, but by around 1337 the feud ended with the Archbishop’s successful bid to bring the knights under centralized control. He returned control of the local lands to the knights, but only as recognized vassals, no longer free.
Despite the bombardment, Eltz Castle stood strong, and today it has been fully restored, maintaining an incredible collection of different eras within its design.
Established: 9th Century CE
Location: Wierschem, Germany
Can I visit?: Yes! Seasonally, April to October.
Eltz Castle started out as a manor home, Platteltz, that grew from a defensive earthen palisade into a fortified keep; by 1157 it was considered an important fortress along the Holy Roman trade route. Due to laws of inheritance at the time, the Castle was (and still is) owned by three different families, with two sections open to the public and one still reserved for the Kempenich family.
While many prominent castles have been sacked, destroyed, and rebuilt through the ages, Eltz Castle has the distinction of never having been laid low through siege. The one time that Eltz Castle was put to siege when the lords of Eltzer and other free imperial knights of the Holy Roman Empire opposed an attempt by the Archbishop of Trier to reincorporate their holdings into the local administrative district and suborn them to centralized control. When the free knights resisted, Eltz Castle was bombarded by catapults, but by around 1337 the feud ended with the Archbishop’s successful bid to bring the knights under centralized control. He returned control of the local lands to the knights, but only as recognized vassals, no longer free.
Despite the bombardment, Eltz Castle stood strong, and today it has been fully restored, maintaining an incredible collection of different eras within its design.
Established: 10th century CE
Location: Baños de la Encina, Spain
Can I visit?: Yes! Tourism is a major economic sector in Spain.
This region of Spain has been recognized by UNESCO as especially important due to the impressive number of standing castles that dominate the countryside. Due to the strategic value of this region during the Middle Ages, when tensions between Islamic and Christian countries were at a feverish high, fortifications sprouted as if grown from the very ground itself.
Burgalimar Castle is remarkably well-preserved for its age, with its stunning towers and battlements retaining their original caliphal design. Despite some damage during the Peninsular War, it has remained intact, a true monument to the ages.
The hill on which Burgalimar Castle rests shows signs of inhabitation from Roman and pre-Roman times, with a clear indication of inhabitation by the early Celtic people of the region. During the 12th century, control of this region passed back and forth several times between the Caliphate and Christian forces, before definitively falling under Castilian control in 1225. The last modifications were made in the 15th century when one of its fourteen towers received improvements.
Established: 10th century CE
Location: Baños de la Encina, Spain
Can I visit?: Yes! Tourism is a major economic sector in Spain.
This region of Spain has been recognized by UNESCO as especially important due to the impressive number of standing castles that dominate the countryside. Due to the strategic value of this region during the Middle Ages, when tensions between Islamic and Christian countries were at a feverish high, fortifications sprouted as if grown from the very ground itself.
Burgalimar Castle is remarkably well-preserved for its age, with its stunning towers and battlements retaining their original caliphal design. Despite some damage during the Peninsular War, it has remained intact, a true monument to the ages.
The hill on which Burgalimar Castle rests shows signs of inhabitation from Roman and pre-Roman times, with a clear indication of inhabitation by the early Celtic people of the region. During the 12th century, control of this region passed back and forth several times between the Caliphate and Christian forces, before definitively falling under Castilian control in 1225. The last modifications were made in the 15th century when one of its fourteen towers received improvements.
Established: 1068 CE
Location: Warwickshire, England
Can I visit?: Yes! Warwick Castle is a major tourism site.
Placed in the strategically important position, Warwick Castle actually stands on the site of an older Anglo-Saxon burh – a defensive fort — built over a hundred years earlier in 914. It was William the Conqueror who built the original motte-and-bailey castle after the Norman conquest of England since the castle’s location made it an important defense against a Midland rebellion. The motte-and-bailey construction was replaced in the mid-12th century by stone castle keep, and further extensive refortification took place in the 14th century as well.
One of the world’s largest, fully-functional siege engines, a 59-foot tall trebuchet made from over 300 pieces of oak and a reproduction built using the expertise of the Danish living history museum Middelaldercentret. It remains one of the castle’s greatest attractions as well as laying claim to being the most siege engine of its type.
Established: 1068 CE
Location: Warwickshire, England
Can I visit?: Yes! Warwick Castle is a major tourism site.
Placed in the strategically important position, Warwick Castle actually stands on the site of an older Anglo-Saxon burh – a defensive fort — built over a hundred years earlier in 914. It was William the Conqueror who built the original motte-and-bailey castle after the Norman conquest of England since the castle’s location made it an important defense against a Midland rebellion. The motte-and-bailey construction was replaced in the mid-12th century by stone castle keep, and further extensive refortification took place in the 14th century as well.
One of the world’s largest, fully-functional siege engines, a 59-foot tall trebuchet made from over 300 pieces of oak and a reproduction built using the expertise of the Danish living history museum Middelaldercentret. It remains one of the castle’s greatest attractions as well as laying claim to being the most siege engine of its type.
Established: Around 1100 CE
Location: Cochem, Germany
Can I visit?: Yes! There are guided tours, meals, and more!
Originally, Cochem Castle perched upon a hill overlooking the Moselle River, a guardian watchtower that collected tolls from trade ships passing along the river. It became an official Reichsburg (Imperial Castle) in 1151 after King Konrad III elected to conclude, once and for all, a dispute about who would inherit the castle by laying siege to it and claiming it directly. The castle was taken by force again in 1282, only to be unceremoniously hocked (along with the entire town) in order to finance the coronation of King Adolf of Nassau. It was pawned a second time when Archbishop Balduin of Luxembourg (its new owner) briefly gave it up (though only for about a year).
In 1688, the French invaded and destroyed the castle (and the surrounding town), and Cochem Castle remained in ruins until a restoration project in the 1800s finally saw it rise to prominence once more. There is a delightfully fairytale air about this ancient castle, owed to the 19th-century fanciful reconstruction, but the charming towers and parapets that now stand tall above the town of Cochem are built upon the sturdy foundations of a thousand years of history.
Established: Around 1100 CE
Location: Cochem, Germany
Can I visit?: Yes! There are guided tours, meals, and more!
Originally, Cochem Castle perched upon a hill overlooking the Moselle River, a guardian watchtower that collected tolls from trade ships passing along the river. It became an official Reichsburg (Imperial Castle) in 1151 after King Konrad III elected to conclude, once and for all, a dispute about who would inherit the castle by laying siege to it and claiming it directly. The castle was taken by force again in 1282, only to be unceremoniously hocked (along with the entire town) in order to finance the coronation of King Adolf of Nassau. It was pawned a second time when Archbishop Balduin of Luxembourg (its new owner) briefly gave it up (though only for about a year).
In 1688, the French invaded and destroyed the castle (and the surrounding town), and Cochem Castle remained in ruins until a restoration project in the 1800s finally saw it rise to prominence once more. There is a delightfully fairytale air about this ancient castle, owed to the 19th-century fanciful reconstruction, but the charming towers and parapets that now stand tall above the town of Cochem are built upon the sturdy foundations of a thousand years of history.
Established: 10th century CE /16th Century CE
Location: Inuyama, Aichi Prefecture, Japan
Can I visit?: Yes!
Sometime in the 10th century, a Shinto shrine was moved to make way for the building of a fortification on this spot and was destroyed and rebuilt numerous times throughout the following centuries. The current structure was ordered built by Oda Nobukatsu, son of “The Great Unifier” of Japan, Oda Nobunaga, and its “tenshu” or central tower has long been considered the oldest intact tenshu in Japan.
Inuyama Castle featured heavily in a number of conflicts over the centuries, but the castle remained unspoiled until the Mehi era when Aichi Prefecture tore down a number of the outer castle buildings as part of a major reorientation of policy under the new Japanese government. Then, in 1891, the Mino-Owari Earthquake caused further damage. However, instead of letting the castle lay in ruins, Naruse clan was given the task of restoring it, which they did with donations from Inuyama Town.
Established: 10th century CE /16th Century CE
Location: Inuyama, Aichi Prefecture, Japan
Can I visit?: Yes!
Sometime in the 10th century, a Shinto shrine was moved to make way for the building of a fortification on this spot and was destroyed and rebuilt numerous times throughout the following centuries. The current structure was ordered built by Oda Nobukatsu, son of “The Great Unifier” of Japan, Oda Nobunaga, and its “tenshu” or central tower has long been considered the oldest intact tenshu in Japan.
Inuyama Castle featured heavily in a number of conflicts over the centuries, but the castle remained unspoiled until the Mehi era when Aichi Prefecture tore down a number of the outer castle buildings as part of a major reorientation of policy under the new Japanese government. Then, in 1891, the Mino-Owari Earthquake caused further damage. However, instead of letting the castle lay in ruins, Naruse clan was given the task of restoring it, which they did with donations from Inuyama Town.
Established: 11th century CE
Location: Berkshire, England
Can I visit?: Yes, though it is a working royal palace and may be closed on short notice.
After the Normans, led by William the Conqueror, invaded England, the castle was built to protect Norman interests and oversee a vital strategic point along the River Thames. The original motte-and-bailey construction slowly grew over the centuries, its buildings and defenses replaced by stone. Further expansions continued after the 13th century, resulting in one of the most expensive non-religious construction projects of the entire English Middle Ages.
King Edward III was enamored with the idea of chivalric identity, especially with regards to reinforcing English identity and the connection between the English subjects and the nobility (and among the nobility themselves). One of his great projects was to rebuild the order of the Round Table, connecting back to Arthurian mythology. Though his planned restoration of the order never came about, it had been planned to be hosted at Windsor Castle and a new building was even begun to host it (though it was never finished).
Established: 11th century CE
Location: Berkshire, England
Can I visit?: Yes, though it is a working royal palace and may be closed on short notice.
After the Normans, led by William the Conqueror, invaded England, the castle was built to protect Norman interests and oversee a vital strategic point along the River Thames. The original motte-and-bailey construction slowly grew over the centuries, its buildings and defenses replaced by stone. Further expansions continued after the 13th century, resulting in one of the most expensive non-religious construction projects of the entire English Middle Ages.
King Edward III was enamored with the idea of chivalric identity, especially with regards to reinforcing English identity and the connection between the English subjects and the nobility (and among the nobility themselves). One of his great projects was to rebuild the order of the Round Table, connecting back to Arthurian mythology. Though his planned restoration of the order never came about, it had been planned to be hosted at Windsor Castle and a new building was even begun to host it (though it was never finished).
Established: 1180 CE
Location: Killyleagh, County Down, Northern Ireland
Can I visit?: Yes! The gate lodges offer self-catering holiday accommodation.
The ambitious Anglo-Norman knight John de Courcy wanted power. Without King Henry II’s permission, he took a small army consisting of around 300 foot-soldiers and 22 knights and drove into the heart of Northern Ireland, coming upon the town of Dún Dá Leathghlas and taking its defenders unawares. After two harrowing battles, he defeated the last King of Ulaid in battle and set about securing for himself a massive section of Ireland. He had numerous castles built, including Killyleagh, in an effort to cement his power and defend against attack.
John de Courcy’s expansion in Ireland angered the English Monarch, and soon de Courcy found himself feuding with William de Lacy, another Norman knight. De Lacy’s son would go on to capture de Courcy, taking him while he went to church on Good Friday. Though he defended himself with the cross pole and killed thirteen of his attackers, he was eventually taken.
Ousted, de Coursey made one vain attempt to return to power, gathering a host of soldiers and striking out to lay siege to Killyleagh Castle. Unfortunately, the very defenses that he himself had put in place proved too strong, and again he was defeated. He died in obscurity and pauperdom.
Established: 1180 CE
Location: Killyleagh, County Down, Northern Ireland
Can I visit?: Yes! The gate lodges offer self-catering holiday accommodation.
The ambitious Anglo-Norman knight John de Courcy wanted power. Without King Henry II’s permission, he took a small army consisting of around 300 foot-soldiers and 22 knights and drove into the heart of Northern Ireland, coming upon the town of Dún Dá Leathghlas and taking its defenders unawares. After two harrowing battles, he defeated the last King of Ulaid in battle and set about securing for himself a massive section of Ireland. He had numerous castles built, including Killyleagh, in an effort to cement his power and defend against attack.
John de Courcy’s expansion in Ireland angered the English Monarch, and soon de Courcy found himself feuding with William de Lacy, another Norman knight. De Lacy’s son would go on to capture de Courcy, taking him while he went to church on Good Friday. Though he defended himself with the cross pole and killed thirteen of his attackers, he was eventually taken.
Ousted, de Coursey made one vain attempt to return to power, gathering a host of soldiers and striking out to lay siege to Killyleagh Castle. Unfortunately, the very defenses that he himself had put in place proved too strong, and again he was defeated. He died in obscurity and pauperdom.
Established: 1493 CE
Location: Sarzana, Italy
Can I visit?: Yes!
With the increasing use of gunpowder and canon on the battlefield, old methods of fortification were becoming quickly obsolete. Canon could punch through walls and lay them open for invading forces, making the process of constructing defensible bastions far more difficult. The Fortezza di Sarzanello’s unique star shape was an attempt to rid it of angles against which enemy fire could be applied, with a dense design intended to turn aside heavy cannon fire.
The town of Sarzana sits at the mouth of the valley of the river Magra, an area of strategic importance since ancient times. Through the middle ages it changed hands several times, first taken by the city-state Pisa, then Florence, and at one point in the 16th century even owned by a bank, the Banco di S. Giorgio.
Established: 1493 CE
Location: Sarzana, Italy
Can I visit?: Yes!
With the increasing use of gunpowder and canon on the battlefield, old methods of fortification were becoming quickly obsolete. Canon could punch through walls and lay them open for invading forces, making the process of constructing defensible bastions far more difficult. The Fortezza di Sarzanello’s unique star shape was an attempt to rid it of angles against which enemy fire could be applied, with a dense design intended to turn aside heavy cannon fire.
The town of Sarzana sits at the mouth of the valley of the river Magra, an area of strategic importance since ancient times. Through the middle ages it changed hands several times, first taken by the city-state Pisa, then Florence, and at one point in the 16th century even owned by a bank, the Banco di S. Giorgio.
Established: 1805
Location: Nord, Haiti
Can I visit?: Yes!
The largest fortified stronghold and the only African-derived military fortification in the western hemisphere. Its immense-size and longevity, as well as its connection to Haiti’s proud history, have made it something of a national icon. The Haitian revolutionary Henri Christophe planned the construction including the citadel as a means of ensuring a powerful line of defense against foreign incursion (most notably the French). Though the French never did return, the citadel has survived numerous earthquakes, standing tall in its long watch through the centuries.
Henri Christophe eventually declared himself king of a portion of northern Haiti and set about building a number of his planned palaces and fortifications. After suffering a stroke in 1820, however, he committed suicide after growing unrest from members of his own military. Loyalists entombed his body in quicklime and placed it beneath the Citadelle ‘s interior courtyard, to ensure that it could not be mutilated by his enemies.
Established: 1805
Location: Nord, Haiti
Can I visit?: Yes!
The largest fortified stronghold and the only African-derived military fortification in the western hemisphere. Its immense-size and longevity, as well as its connection to Haiti’s proud history, have made it something of a national icon. The Haitian revolutionary Henri Christophe planned the construction including the citadel as a means of ensuring a powerful line of defense against foreign incursion (most notably the French). Though the French never did return, the citadel has survived numerous earthquakes, standing tall in its long watch through the centuries.
Henri Christophe eventually declared himself king of a portion of northern Haiti and set about building a number of his planned palaces and fortifications. After suffering a stroke in 1820, however, he committed suicide after growing unrest from members of his own military. Loyalists entombed his body in quicklime and placed it beneath the Citadelle ‘s interior courtyard, to ensure that it could not be mutilated by his enemies.
I absolutely love the ability animated shows have of sucking you into an imaginary world.
I absolutely love the ability animated shows have of sucking you into an imaginary world.
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